Name ______
Earth and Space Science 1st Semester Review
Vocabulary:
1. Scientific Method approach to investigation
2. Theory explains a set of observations and predicts what will happen; can be changed if there is new evidence
3. Cosmology study of the structure and evolution of the entire universe including space, time, matter, and energy
4. Astronomy study of everything in the universe including space, the sun and all the bodies that orbit it
5. Solar System the sun and all the bodies that orbit it
6. Celestial Sphere imaginary sphere surrounding Earth to which all objects in the sky were once considered to be attached
7. Star a glowing ball of gas held together by its own gravity and powered by nuclear fusion in its core
8. Galaxy gravitationally bound collection of stars
9. Galaxy Cluster collection of galaxies held together by gravity
10. Universe the totality of all space, time, matter and energy
11. Light Year the distance that light travels in 1 year; 10 trillion km
12. Geocentric Earth is the center of the solar system
13. Heliocentric the Sun is the center of the solar system
14. Big Bang Theory Event that cosmologists consider the beginning of the universe
15. Solar nebula the rotating flattened cloud of gas and dust from which the sun and the rest of the bodies in the solar system formed
16. Planetesimals numerous small, solid bodies that, when gathered together, form a planet
17. Jovian planets also known as gas giants; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
18. Terrestrial planets also known as rocky planets; Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
19. Nebula interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen gas, helium gas and other ionized gases
20. Protosun a sun that is still forming
21. Protostars stars that are still forming
22. Protoplanets planets that are still forming
23. Comet mixture of ices and dust that didn't get incorporated into planets when the solar system was formed
24. Asteroids minor planets or planetoids; smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids
25. geology the study of the Earth, its form and composition, and the changes it has undergone and is undergoing
26. stratigraphy the study of rock layers, especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks
27. sedimentary rock rock formed from the weathered products of pre-existing rocks that have been transported, deposited and hardened
28. metamorphic rock rock formed deep in the Earth by heat and/or pressure
29. igneous rock rock formed from crystallized molten magma
30. basin a circular downfolded structure
31. grade gradually decreasing sediment
32. strata parallel layers of sedimentary rock
33. unconformity a surface that represents a break in the rock record
34. intrusion molten rock that moves upward through existing rock
35. fault a break in rock along which movement has occurred
36. fossils the remains or traces of prehistoric life
37. lithification the process of converting sediments to solid rock
38. The Big Bang Theory states that the universe was created _____15 billion__ years ago.
.
39. Hubble's law states that the further away the galaxy, the ____faster______it is moving away from the earth.
40. After the Big Bang, ______gravity______caused clumps of matter to form and eventually become galaxies.
41. __Red shift______is when light seen coming from an object is proportionally shifted to appear redder.
42. When a star like our sun dies, it goes through several stages:
a. All of the fuel, _____hydrogen_____, is used up.
b. The force of ____gravity_____ is stronger than the heat from the nuclear fusion and the center of the star shrinks.
c. The outside of the star expands and the star becomes a ____red___ giant.
d. The denser core causes it to heat up and causes more nuclear fusion to occur, this time with _____helium_ as its fuel. The star is now a "normal" size again.
e. Eventually, that fuel is used up, and the star becomes a __red___ giant again.
f. As the core collapses, a ___white___ dwarf is formed along with planetary ___nebula______.
43. When a massive star dies, it goes through several stages:
a. It goes through the same stages as a smaller star but instead of becoming a ___red__ giant twice, it goes through several cycles.
b. After all of the fuel is used up, it becomes a ___supernova__.
c. If it is very massive, it keeps collapsing until it becomes a __neutron__ star.
d. If it is extremely massive, it will not stop collapsing and will become a _black hole_
44. What did Tycho do? made a huge number of observations of the stars and planets, all with the naked eye
45. What did Kepler do? formulated a set of laws that explained the motion of the planets
46. What did Newton do? formulated the laws of motion and the concept of gravity
47. What are Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion?
a. The orbital paths of the planets are elliptical with the Sun at one focus
b. The closer a planet comes to the sun, the faster it moves in orbit.
48. What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?
a. An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted upon by an outside force.
b. F = ma
c. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
49. List the three main pieces of evidence that support the Big Bang Theory.
a. background radiation
b. Red Shift
c. heat is 3K
50. Explain the theory of the Open Universe. The universe will continue expanding until all of the stars die out and there is nothing left.
51. Explain the theory of the Closed Universe. Gravity will eventually cause the universe to stop expanding and begin to contract until it collapses into one point, possibly causing a new big bang.
52. What causes the heat of a star in its center? Nuclear fusion
53. How is a star "born"? Gas and dust come together because of gravity. The core becomes very hot as it collapses and begins nuclear fusion.
54. Three clues as to how the solar system formed are:
- All planets ___revolve____ in the same direction around the sun.
- Most planets ___rotate_____ in the same direction on their axis.
- Planetary orbits are in nearly the same ___plane______.
55. The flat, rapidly rotating cloud of gas and dust as our solar system was being made was a _____planetary______nebula______.
56. The contraction of the solar nebula made it spin faster and __heat______up. (compressed gas does this.)
57. How old is our solar system? 4.56 billion years
58. What are leftover icy planetesimals called? comets
59. What are leftover rocky and metallic planetesimals called? asteroids
60. Name the planets in order from the sun outward.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
61. Explain the Giant Impact Theory of the moon. At the time Earth formed 4.56 billion years ago, other smaller planetary bodies were also growing. One of these hit earth late in Earth's growth process, blowing out rocky debris. A fraction of that debris went into orbit around the Earth and aggregated into the moon.
a. / Sun / h. / Uranusb. / Mercury / i. / Neptune
c. / Venus / j. / Pluto
d. / Earth / k. / Asteroid Belt
e. / Mars / l. / Kuiper Belt
f. / Jupiter / m. / Oort Cloud
g. / Saturn
62. a made of about 70% hydrogen and 28% helium
63. b____solid and covered with craters; has almost no atmosphere
64. c____rocky and very hot surface; atmosphere completely hides the surface and traps heat
65. d____liquid covers 71% of the surface; has one moon
66. e____has a thin atmosphere that contains mostly carbon dioxide; has two small moons
67. f____has the Great Red Spot, a storm of swirling gas; has 39 moons
68. g____has rings that are not solid; they are composed of small countless particles
69. h____blue-green because of the methane in its atmosphere
70. i____from 1979 to 1999, it was the ninth planet
71. j____the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft
72. k____between Mars and Jupiter; has between 700,000 and 1.7 million small bodies
73. l____outside Neptune; holds short-period comets
74. m____beyond Pluto; holds long-period comets
75. The first atmosphere was made up of ___hydrogen______and ____helium______.
76. The second atmosphere was made up mainly of ___water vapor__, _carbon dioxide_, and __nitrogen____.
77. In the development of Earth's third atmosphere, __oxygen______increased and ___carbon dioxide______decreased.
78. The current composition of the atmosphere was established about a ___billion______years ago.
79. What was the period of time where there were no rocks because the Earth was molten? Hadeon
80. What was the period of time where Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form? Archean Eon
81. What was the period of time in which continental accretion occurred, making supercontinent cycles and ice ages? Proterozoic Eon
82. What is the period of time which is the current eon and covers roughly 545 million years? Phanerozoic Eon
83. This era started with Pannotia, broke up into a large number of small continents, then ended with Pangaea. Paleozoic
84. During this era, Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana, then broke up into modern-day continents. Mesozoic
85. During this era, Laurasia became North America and Eurasia. Cenozoic
86. Earth's second atmosphere was established by the __outgasing______of volcanoes.
87. In Earth's second atmosphere, there was no ___oxygen______(unlike today) and, therefore, no ___ozone_____ to stop radiation from flooding the surface.
88. As the Earth cooled, the water vapor formed __clouds______and ____oceans_____.
89. Low CO2 levels in the third atmosphere caused an __ice______age_ because solar radiation decreased.
a. / molten / e. / subductionb. / tectonic activity / f. / accretion
c. / cratonization / g. / orogeny
d. / mantle
90. a____liquified by heat
91. b____forces or conditions within the earth that cause movements of the crust
92. c____the making of a relatively rigid and immobile continental portion of the Earth's crust
93. d____the portion of the Earth between the crust and the core
94. e____the process by which collision of the earth's crustal plates results in one plate's being drawn down or overridden by another
95. f____the growing together of separate parts into a single whole
96. g____the process of mountain making or upheaval
97. Give one of the two reasons why the first atmosphere was lost very quickly. gravity of Earth was not strong enough to hold in the light gases and the moon's origin caused helium and hydrogen to escape
98. In the first atmosphere, give one reason the earth was extremely hot.
volcanoes
Earth bombarded with space rocks
99. Why did the Earth warm up after the ice age?
volcanoes still putting CO2 into the atmosphere, and it increased until there was a greenhouse effect.
100. CHART:
Word Bank:
Proterozoic, Archean, Phanerozoic, Hadeon
Present-day atmosphere, molten--not solid, cooling and solidification, atmosphere developing
No life, aquatic life to humans, prokaryotes, algae
Hadeon / Archean / Proterozoic / Phanerozoic4.5 bya-3.8 bya / 3.8 bya-2.7 bya / 2.7 bya-.590 bya / .590 bya-present
Molten—not solid / Cooling and solidification / Atmosphere developing / Present-day atmosphere
No life / Prokaryotes / Algae / Aquatic life to humans
a. / Mercury / d. / Mars
b. / Venus / e. / Astroid Belt
c. / Earth
b___ 101. atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds
a___ 102. the temperature difference between the hottest and coldest spots is 600°
a___ 103. ice in craters that do not get sunlight
c___ 104. only planet capable of sustaining life
b___ 105. morning star and evening star
d___ 106. 2 moons--Deimos and Phobos
e___ 107. made of rocky and/or iron-nickel material
c___ 108. 365 days to orbit the sun
e___ 109. found in an orbit between Mars and Jupiter
d___ 110. the Red Planet
a. / Jupiter / d. / Neptuneb. / Saturn / e. / Pluto
c. / Uranus
d____ 111. Has 13 moons
b____ 112. Has at least 31 moons
e____ 113. 2/3 the size of our moon
d____ 114. Its moon, Titan, is the largest moon to orbit backwards around a planet
a____ 115. Largest planet in our solar system
b____ 116. Ring system made of thousands of water ice particles
e____ 117. Dwarf planet
c____ 118. Rotates on its side
a____ 119. Has the Great Red Spot
c____ 120. Icy and has faint rings
a. / Explorer / f. / Surveyorb. / Pioneer / g. / Mercury
c. / Ranger / h. / Gemini
d. / Mariner / i. / Apollo
e. / Voyager
e____ 121. mission was to gain information about Jupiter and Saturn, but went on to explore Uranus and Neptune, also
b____ 122. designed for planetary exploration; explored the outermost planets and left the solar system
g____ 123. first man-in-space program; unmanned missions carried a chimpanzee
c____ 124. designed to obtain close-up images of the moon and then impact
h____ 125. 2 man space flights; up to two weeks in space
d____ 126. designed to investigate Mars, Venus and Mercury
i____ 127. designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth
f____ 128. designed for soft landings on the moon; all five are still there
a____ 129. discovered the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere
130. What is the significance of Apollo 13? An explosion occurred on board, but the astronauts survived.
131. Who was the first man to walk on the moon?
Neil Armstrong
132. What is the significance of the Apollo 1 mission?
The spacecraft caught on fire before liftoff, killing all three men aboard.
133. What is the significance of Apollo 11?
Landed the first men on the moon
134. What did James Ussher do in the mid-1600s?
determined that Earth was only a few thousand years old by using the Bible
135. What is catastrophism?
Earth had been formed primarily through catastrophes.
136. Who is credited with formulating the doctrine of uniformitarianism?