Name ______Per. ______Date ______
Guided Notes
Genetics & Heredity
______is the fusion of an egg and a sperm.
______(True breeding plants) are plants that were allowed to self-pollinate and the offspring will be ______.
The Work of Gregor Mendel
______monk
Born in ______.
Studied ______.
______:the passing on of characteristics from ______to ______.
Characteristics that are inherited are called ______.
First person to successfully predict ______.
Used ______in his experiments.
Mendel noticed differences in:
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
This led him to further experiment on the plants.
Reproduce ______, which means that they produce male and female sex cells, called ______.
In a process called ______, the male gamete unites with the female gamete.
The resulting fertilized cell, called a ______, then develops into a seed.
Parental generation (p) = ______
______: offspring where ______previous generations have the same trait.
First, he crossed a purebred purple with a purebred white.
Result of F1 Generation: all plants had ______flowers.
Mendel’s 2nd Experiment: Crossed ______from the ______generation.
The F2 generation resulted in ______
Each organism has ______factors that control each of its traits.
These factors are ______and that they are located on ______.
Genes exist in different forms called ______.
The ______states that some alleles are ______and others are ______.
Mendel called the ______trait ______and the trait that ______.
Mendel concluded that the allele ______.
Law of Segregation
The way an organism looks and behaves is called its ______.
The allele combination an organism contains is known as its ______.
An organism’s ______can’t always be determined by its ______.
An organism is ______for a trait if its two alleles for the trait are the same.
Examples:
An organism is ______for a trait if its two alleles for the trait differ from each other.
Examples:
Segregation Summary
Each trait has ______genes, one from the mother and one from the father.
Traits can be either ______or ______.
A dominant trait only needs ______gene in order to be expressed.
A recessive trait needs ______genes in order to be expressed.
Egg and sperm are sex cells called ______.
Segregation is the ______during gamete formation.
Genetics & Probability
______= the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
Ex. Coin flipping: ______probability that coin will flip head/tail
If you flip the coin 3 times what's the probability of flipping 3 heads?
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = ______
*PAST OUTCOMES DO NOT AFFECT FUTURE ONES!!*
The principles of probability can be used to ______.
What is the probability of parents having two male offspring in a row? (1/2 x 1/2=______)
The likelihood that a particular event will occur is called ______.
Each trait has ______genes, one from the mother and one from the father.
Alleles can be ______; having the ______traits.
Alleles can be ______; having ______traits.
Punnett Squares
The gene combination that ______result from a genetic cross can be determined by drawing a diagram known as a ______.
These are used to ______and ______the genetic variations that will result from a cross.
The types of ______go on the top and left sides of the square.
The ______appear in the four boxes.
If you know the genotypes of the parents, you can use a Punnett square to predict the possible genotypes of their offspring.
Making a Punnett Square
You try this one…
More Practice
For a gene determining hair color (B); where both parents are heterozygous for blue hair.
B = dominant allele; blue hair
b = recessive allele; yellow hair
Exploring Mendelian Genetics
Independent Assortment
- Genes segregate ______.
- The principle of independent assortment states that genes for ______can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
- Independent assortment helps account for the ______.
Summary of Mendel’s Principals
Genes are passed from ______to ______.
Some forms of a gene may be ______and others ______.
In most sexually producing organisms, each adult has _____ copies of each gene: one from each parent. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed.
The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another.
Beyond Mendel: Dominant & Recessive Alleles
Some alleles are neither ______nor ______, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes.
Incomplete Dominance
Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another are called ______.
Example:
Co-dominance
Codominance is when ______alleles contribute to the phenotype.
Examples: Feathers, flowers, cattle.
Polygenic Inheritance
______refers to the kind of inheritance in which the trait is produced from the cumulative effects of many genes.
In humans, height, weight, and skin and eye color are examples of polygenic inheritance
Meiosis
A type of cell division that results in ______each with ______the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Review:Characteristics of Living Things
Living things are made up of ______.
Unicellular: ______celled organisms.
Multicellular: ______celled organisms.
Living things ______to make offspring of the same species.
Living things ______.
Every individual has ______sets of chromosomes.
One from the ______; one from the ______.
When the chromosomes pair up for the same trait they are called ______.
A cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes is said to be ______or ______.
Gametes (egg /sperm) have only one chromosome and are said to be ______or ______.
Phases of Meiosis
______is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
______: The homologous chromosomes line up but, then they ______, exchanging genetic information.
______: The two cells produced now enter a second division.
Start with 2 the two new cells and get ______cells each with 23 chromosomes.
Crossing Over
______: site of crossing over, occur in synapsis. Exchange of ______between non-sister chromatids.
Crossing over produces ______.
Results in ______in daughter cells.
Chromosome Number in Body Cells vs. Gametes
Gametes
Haploid (n) - have ______set
Body Cells
Diploid (2n) - have ______sets
Results of Meiosis
______(n) cells.Genetically different from each other & the original cell.
Variation
During normal cell growth, ______(2n to 2n)
______results in ______by shuffling of maternal and paternal chromosomes and ______.
No daughter cells formed during meiosis are genetically identical to either mother or father
During sexual reproduction, fusion of the unique haploid gametes produces truly unique offspring.
Human Cells 2n=46.
Sperm Cell
______chromosomes
Gamete is ______(n)
Egg Cell
______chromosomes
Gamete is ______(n)
White Blood Cell
______chromosomes
Body cell is ______(2n)