I. Grade Level/Unit Number: 9 - 12 Unit 3

COURSE: Biology

I. Grade Level/Unit Number: 9 - 12 Unit 3

II: Unit Title: Evolutionary Mechanisms

III. Unit Length: 2 weeks (on a 90 min per day block schedule)

IV. Major Learning Outcomes:

The student will gain an understanding of

§ The development of the theory of evolution by natural selection as related to the scientific process

§ The hypotheses about the evolution of the first living things

§ The evidence for the change of organisms over time – both fossil and biochemical evidence

§ The steps in the theory of natural selection

§ The current evidence for evolution seen in antibiotic and pesticide resistance

§ The history of classification systems

§ The changing nature of classification systems related to new understandings about the evolutionary relatedness of organisms

§ The differences and similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

§ The characteristics that are similar and different among the Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

§ The use of dichotomous keys in classifying organisms

V. Content Objectives Included (with RBT Tags):

Objective Number / Objective / RBT Tag
3.05 / Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including:
· Development of the theory.
· The origin and history of life.
· Fossil and biochemical evidence.
· Mechanisms of evolution.
· Applications (pesticide & antibiotic resistance). / B4
4.01 / Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships.
· The historical development and changing nature of classification systems.
· Similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
· Similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.
· Classify organisms using keys. / B4
1.00 / Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry. Goal 1 addresses scientific investigation. These objectives are an integral part of each of the other goals. Students must be given the opportunity to design and conduct their own investigations in a safe laboratory. The students should use questions and models to formulate the relationship identified in their investigations and then report and share those findings with others.
1.01 / Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific investigations. / B1
1.02 / Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions.
· Create testable hypotheses.
· Identify variables.
· Use a control or comparison group when appropriate.
· Select and use appropriate measurement tools.
· Collect and record data.
· Organize data into charts and graphs.
· Analyze and interpret data.
· Communicate findings / B6
1.03 / Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to:
· Explain observations.
· Make inferences and predictions.
· Explain the relationship between evidence and explanation. / B6
1.04 / Apply safety procedures in the laboratory and in field studies:
· Recognize and avoid potential hazards.
· Safely manipulate materials and equipment needed for scientific investigations. / C3
1.05 / Analyze reports of scientific investigations from an informed scientifically literate viewpoint including considerations of:
· Appropriate sample.
· Adequacy of experimental controls.
· Replication of findings. Alternative interpretations of the data. / B4

VI. English Language Development Objectives (ELD) Included:

NC English Language Proficiency (ELP) Standard 4 (2008) for Limited English Proficiency Students (LEP)- English Language learners communicate information, ideas, and concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of science.

Suggestions for modified instruction and scaffolding for LEP students and/or students who need additional support are embedded in the unit plan and/or are added at the end of the corresponding section of the lessons. The amount of scaffolding needed will depend on the level of English proficiency of each LEP student. Therefore, novice level students will need more support with the language needed to understand and demonstrate the acquisition of concepts than intermediate or advanced students.

VII. Materials/Equipment Needed:

Activity / Materials
The Scientific Process and Evolution
OFor LEP Activity / Group Sets of the cartoon cards from the website
Laminator accessibility (optional)
Opopular magazines for cutting out pictures, scissors, glue, construction paper
Evolution Concept Map / Poster paper
Post-it notes
Markers
Fossil Comparison Activity / Variety of fossils or pictures of fossils
Ofossils AND pictures
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea / Video from Nova’s Evolution series or computers to access PBS Evolution website
Oability to display English subtitles/closed-captioning
Human Variation Measurement / Rulers
Tape measures
Scales
Stop watches
(other measuring devices as needed)
Graph paper
Computers with Excel (optional)
OPink and blue colored pencils
Fishy Frequencies / Calculators with square root key
Goldfish crackers (pretzel and cheese)
Big bowl
Small plates
Oyellow and brown colored pencils
Ograph paper
Sex and the Single Guppy / Computer Lab or teacher computer with projection device
Molecular Connection / Color copies of the Cytochrome comparison sheets
Rat Island / Poster paper
Markers or crayons or colored pencils
Pesticide Resistance / 3 x 5 cards
Concept Map Check-Point / Poster paper
Post-it notes
Markers
Common Names Versus Scientific Names
Dichotomous Key Activity / 3 x 5 cards with pictures from website
Scissors
Copies of pages from website
OFor shoe activity, odd shoes or pictures
Colored pencils
World map
Tape
Taxonomy Learning Guide
Final Concept Map / Poster paper
Post-it notes
markers

VIII. Detailed Content Description:

Please see the detailed content description for each objective in the biology support document. The link to this downloadable document is in the Biology Standard Course of Study at:

http://www.ncpublicschools.org/curriculum/science/scos/2004/23biology

IX. Unit Notes:

This unit is focused on evolution as a significant theory central to understanding other biological concepts. In particular, this unit deals with evidence for the evolutionary process and with the mechanism of natural selection. The unit also includes applications of concepts of evolution such as antibiotic and pesticide resistance. This unit also includes classification systems and their relationship to understanding of the evolution of species. Specifically, students will gain an understanding of:

§ The development of the theory of evolution by natural selection as related to the scientific process

§ The hypotheses about the evolution of the first living things

§ The evidence for the change of organisms over time – both fossil and biochemical evidence

§ The steps in the theory of natural selection

§ The current evidence for evolution seen in antibiotic and pesticide resistance

§ The history of classification systems

§ The changing nature of classification systems related to new understandings about the evolutionary relatedness of organisms

§ The differences and similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

§ The characteristics that are similar and different among the Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

§ The use of dichotomous keys in classifying organisms

In each unit, Goal 1 objectives which relate to the process of scientific investigation are included. In each of the units, students will be practicing the processes of science: observing, hypothesizing, collecting data, analyzing, and concluding.

The unit guide gives an overview of the activities that are suggested to meet the Standard Course of Study Goals for Unit Three. The guide includes activities, teacher notes on how to weave the activities into the content, and supplementary notes related to other issues such as preparation time and time to complete the activity. If a teacher follows this unit (s)he will have addressed the goals and objectives of the SCOS. However, teachers may want to substitute other activities that teach the same concept.

Teachers should also refer to the support document for Biology at http://www.ncpublicschools.org/curriculum/science/scos/2004/23biology for the detailed content description for each objective to be sure they are emphasizing the specified concepts for each objective.

Essential Questions for Unit Three:

Following are the essential questions for this unit. Essential questions are those questions that lead to enduring understanding. These are the questions that students should be able to answer at some level years after the course. These questions are designed to incorporate multiple concepts. Students will work on answering these questions throughout the unit. Teachers are advised to put these questions up in a prominent place in the classroom and refer to them during the teaching of the unit.

1) What types of evidence support the theory of evolution by natural selection?

2) What are the theorized steps in the process of evolution by natural selection?

3) What evidences of natural selection can be found in present day ecosystems?

4) What is the relationship between classification systems and the evolutionary relatedness of organisms?

Modified Activities for LEP Students:

Those activities marked with a O have a modified version or notes designed to assist teachers in supporting students who are English language learners. Teachers should also consult the Department of Public Instruction website for English as a Second Language at: http://www.ncpublicschools.org/curriculum/esl/ to find additional resources.

Computer Based Activities

Several of the recommended activities are computer based and require students to visit various internet sites and view animations of various biological processes. These animations require various players and plug-ins which may or may not already be installed on your computers. Additionally some districts have firewalls that block downloading these types of files. Before assigning these activities to students it is essential for the teacher to try them on the computers that the students will use and to consult with the technology or media specialist if there are issues. These animations also have sound. Teachers may wish to provide headphones if possible.

X. Global Content: Aligned with 21st Skills:

One of the goals of the unit plans is to provide strategies that will enable educators to develop the 21st Century skills for their students. As much as students need to master the NCSOS goals and objectives, they need to master the skills that develop problem solving strategies, as well as the creativity and innovative thinking skills that have become critical in today’s increasingly interconnected workforce and society. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills website is provided below for more information about the skills and resources related to the 21st Century classroom.

http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=120

NC SCS Biology

/ 21st Century Skills / Activity
Communication Skills
1.03, 3.05 / Conveying thought or opinions effectively / · Scientific Process and Evolution
· Rat Island
· Dichotomous Key
1.03, 3.05 & 4.01 / When presenting information, distinguishing between relevant and irrelevant information / · Rat Island
· Dichotomous Key
· Taxonomy Learning Guide
1.01, 1.02. 1.03 & 3.05 / Explaining a concept to others / · Human Variation Measurement Activity
· Rat Island
Interviewing others or being interviewed
Computer Knowledge
Using word-processing and database programs
1.03 & 3.05 / Developing visual aides for presentations / · Rat Island
Using a computer for communication
Learning new software programs
Employability Skills
Goal 1, 3.05, 4.01 / Assuming responsibility for own learning / All activities
Goal 1, 3.05, 4.01 / Persisting until job is completed / All activities
1.03, 3.05, 4.01 / Working independently / · Fossil Activity
· Dichotomous Key
· Taxonomy Learning Guide
Developing career interest/goals
1.03 & 3.05 / Responding to criticism or questions / · Rat Island
Information-retrieval Skills
1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 3.05 & 4.01 / Searching for information via the computer / · Sex and the Single Guppy
· Pesticide Resistance
· Common Names vs. Scientific Names
4.01 / Searching for print information / · Taxonomy Learning Guide
Searching for information using community members
Language Skills - Reading
Goal 1, 3.05 & 4.01 / Following written directions / Most of the activities can be presented as opportunities for students to follow written directions. The teacher will have to work with most students to develop this skill over time. The following activities are well suited to developing skills in following directions:
· Human Variation Measurement Activity
· Fishy Frequencies
· Molecular Connection
· Dichotomous Key
1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 3.05 / Identifying cause and effect relationships / · Scientific Process and Evolution
· Evolution Concept Map
· Video: Darwin’s Dangerous Idea
· Fishy Frequencies
· Sex and the Single Guppy
· Rat Island
· Pesticide Resistance
3.05 & 4.01 / Summarizing main points after reading / · Pesticide Resistance
· Taxonomy Learning Guide
4.01 / Locating and choosing appropriate reference materials / · Common Names vs. Scientific Names
3.05 & 4.01 / Reading for personal learning / All activities
Language Skill - Writing
Goal 1, 3.05 & 4.01 / Using language accurately / All the activities
1.02, 3.05 & 4.01 / Organizing and relating ideas when writing / All the activities
Proofing and Editing
3.05 & 4.01 / Synthesizing information from several sources / · Common Names vs. Scientific Names
· Taxonomy Learning Guide
· Concept Mapping
Documenting sources
Developing an outline
Writing to persuade or justify a position
Creating memos, letters, other forms of correspondence
Teamwork
Taking initiative / · Rat Island
1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 3.05 & 4.01 / Working on a team / Most of the activities are designed to be done and discussed in teams. The following activities are well suited to developing team interdependence skills:
· Evolution Concept Map
· Human Variation Measurement Activity
· Rat Island
· Pesticide Resistance
Thinking/Problem-Solving Skills
1.01, 1.02, 1.03 & 3.05 / Identifying key problems or questions / · Human Variation Measurement Activity
· Sex and the Single Guppy
1.01, 1.02, 1.03 & 3.05 / Evaluating results / · Human Variation Measurement Activity
· Fishy Frequencies Activity
· Molecular Connection
· Pesticide Resistance
Developing strategies to address problems
Developing an action plan or timeline

Biology- Unit 3 DRAFT

XI.

Unit Guide: Evolutionary Mechanisms

Total: 10 - 90 min days

ENGAGE:

This activity (The Scientific Process and Evolution) engages the student in understanding how the scientific process works. Each group of students will be given a set of cards with cartoon pictures (a blend of The Three Little Pigs and Little Red Riding Hood). The teacher will keep one card from each set. Each group will try to reconstruct a logical story (hypothesis) from the cards (evidence). Then groups will present their stories. Finally, the teacher will give the students one more card (a new piece of evidence). Students will adjust their stories (hypotheses) to fit the new evidence. All materials and discussion of process are found at the website listed below.