Appendix

Appendix 1: Data and sources

Variable / Name / Explanation / Source
coluc / Global annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from land-use changes (teragram = 1012 g), 1850-2015 / Net flux includes both carbon emissions from deforestation and carbon sinks in forests recovering from harvests or agricultural abandonment. Changes in land use included the expansion and contraction of croplands and pastures, plantation establishment, harvest of wood and draining and burning of peatlands. / Houghton (1999, 2003), Houghton and Hackler (1995), Houghton et al. (1983, 2012) and Houghton and Nassikas (2017).
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC):
gst1 / Global surface annual temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1850-2015
Relative to the mean:1961-1990, 14°C / Temperature anomaly time series incorporate land and marine data. Land data consist of land-surface meteorological and fixed-position weather ship data from over 3,000 stations; coverage is denser over the US, Southern Canada, Europe and Japan. Marine data consists of in situ measurements from ships and buoys; coverage is reduced away from the main shipping lanes and is minimal over the Southern Oceans. / Jones, P.D.; Osborn, T. J.; Briffa, K. R.
Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
Parker, D. E.
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Meteorological Office Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
nht1 / Northern hemisphere annual temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1850-2015
Relative to the mean: 1961-1990, 14.6°C
sht1 / Southern hemisphere annual temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1850-2015
Relative to the mean: 1961-1990, 13.4°C
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC):
Variable / Name / Explanation / Source
gst2 / Global annual surface temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1880-2015
Relative to the mean: 1951-1980, 14°C / Temperature anomaly time series data were collected by many national meteorological services around the world and adjusted. Global and hemispheric data are formed by combining meteorological station measurements over land with sea surface temperatures. The analysis is limited to the period after1880 due to the poor spatial coverage of stations prior to that time and the reduced possibility of checking records against those of nearby neighbors. / Hansen, J. E.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY.
Ruedy, R.; Lo, K.
SGT, Inc., NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY.
Sato, M.
Columbia University, Center for Climate Systems Research, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY.
lst2 / Global land annual surface temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1880-2015
Relative to the mean: 1951-1980, 14°C
nht2 / Northern hemispheric temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1880-2015
Relative to the mean: 1951-1980, 14°C
sht2 / Southern hemispheric temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1880-2015
Relative to the mean: 1951-1980, 14°C
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC):
gst3 / Global surface temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1880-2015
Relative to the mean: 1901-2000, 13.9°C / Land surface temperatures are available from the Global Historical Climate NetworkMonthly (GHCN-M). Sea surface temperatures are determined using the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) analysis. The monthly analysis begins January 1854, but due to very sparse data no global averages are computed before 1880. With more observations after 1880, the signal is stronger and more consistent over time. / Smith et al. (2008)
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
lst3 / Global land surface temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1880-2015
Relative to the mean: 1901-2000, 8.5°C
sst3 / Global sea surface temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1880-2015
Relative to the mean: 1901-2000, 16.1°C
National Climatic Data Center of NOAA:

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