Module Study Guide

01.07 DBA and Exam

Module Study Guide

Lesson 01.01Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

What are the two major fields of study for anatomy?

List four specialties within physiology.

How would an anatomist and a physiologist study the skin differently?

How would they study the small intestine differently?

Lesson 01.02 Understanding Anatomy Physiology

Word Meanings

Appendicular-

Axial-

Homeostasis and Metabolism

Maintaining ______is so important to the body that it uses up most of the body's ______energy.

Metabolism-

Apply what you’ve learned (this is NOT directly in the lesson):

Give some examples of how your body maintains homeostasis. I’ve done the first one for you.

1. My body uses hormones to regulate how much glucose is in my blood.

Body Positions

Anatomical Position-

Supine Position-

Prone Position-

Body Planes and Sections

Sagittal Plane-

Transverse Plane-

Frontal Plane-

Relative Direction

Anterior-

Posterior-

Superior-

Inferior-

Medial-

Lateral-

Bilateral-

Distal-away from the center of the body

Proximal-nearer to the center of the body

Lesson 01.03 Tissues

Levels of Body Organization

Atom-

Molecule -

Macromolecule -

Cell -

Tissue-

Types of Tissues

Fill-in the empty boxes:

Tissue Type / Function(s) / Location(s) / Characteristic(s) / Example(s)
Epithelial /

protection
secretion
absorption
excretion

Muscle / movement
Connective / distributed throughout the whole body—including in the dermis skin layer /

blood
bone
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
fat
organ framework

Nervous /

brain
spinal cord
nerves

Apply what you’ve learned (this is NOT directly in the lesson):

Many body tissues are related. Give some examples of tissue types working together in your body.I’ve done the first one for you.

1. Connective tissues (such as tendons) help my muscle tissues work so that I can move.

Engineering Tissues

Use the full article found on lesson PAGE 6 to answer these questions.

It was essential for doctors to make an exact______of Beyene’s windpipe before attempting to create a new one so that the stem cells would create his new organ in the correct size and ______. Getting the right scaffold is essential.

What are some logistical challenges that need to be overcome before “growing organs” can become an everyday medical reality?

NOTE: Despite what the article may lead you to believe, stem cells from bone marrow are somewhat limited. In the article, stem cells were taken from Beyene's bone marrow and used to create his new windpipe. However, it’s important to know that adult stem cells are generally less versatile than embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells (which are taken from a fertilized egg) can develop into almost every type of cell in the human body! Whereas adult stem cells may only develop into a limited number of cell types. Embryonic stem cell use is highly controversial because once the stem cells are harvested, the embryo is destroyed.

Apply what you’ve learned (this is NOT directly in the lesson):

Biotechnology is a relatively new area of science. List some potentialquestions/concerns people have about it. You may include practical andmoral/ethical questions. I’ve done the first one for you.

1. I wonder how long these engineered organs will last once transplanted (might there be complications with the engineered organ down the road?).

Lesson 01.04 Skin – The Largest Organ

The Skin

The skin, also called the ______is considered an organ because it consists of all four tissue types. It also contains accessory organs, such as ______, hair, and nails.

Fill in the information below as you view the video on PAGE 2. (You may want to use the text version of the video to help.)

1. The skin and its accessory organs make up the ______system.

2. The skin is made up of three distinct layers, the ______, ______, and ______.

Epidermis (outer layer)

General function-

Why is it water resistant?

Function of stratum layers-

Role of melanocytes and melanin -

Function of Merkel cells -

Dermis Layer (middle layer)

Composed of-

How does the dermis help with thermoregulation?

How do sweat glands help with thermoregulation?

Role of blood vessels in the dermis-

Role of nerves in the dermis layer-

Hypodermis (inner layer)

Composed of-

Primary function-

Lesson 01.05 The Human Skeleton

The ______skeleton contains the cartilage and bones that support the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.

Skull -

Hyoid bone -

Vertebral column -

Sacrum -

Rib cage -

The ______skeleton consists of the bones in the upper and lower limbs, as well as the bones that anchor those limbs to the axial skeleton.

Pectoral girdle -

Scapula -

Clavicle -

Upper limb -

Humerus-

Radius and Ulna -

Carpals -

Metacarpals -

Phalanges -

Pelvic girdle -

Os coxae -

Lower limb -

Femur -

Tibia -

Fibula -

Patella -

Tarsals -

Metatarsals -

Phalanges -

++++++++++ Regular track students may skip over this blue section. ++++++++++

Lesson 01.05 HONORS Bone Markings

Types of Bone Markings

Projections -

Depressions -

Openings -

Structure

The ______of a bone marking is related to its function.Such functions include:

Projections for Movement:

Head -

Facet -

Condyle -

Ramus -

Projections as Attachment Sites:

Tuberosity -

Tubercle -

Crest -

Epicondyle -

Spine -

Trochanter -

Depressions and Openings:

Sinus -

Fossa -

Sulcus -

Fissure -

Foramen -

Suture -

Growth Plate

What is the function of the bone marking known as the epiphyseal plate?

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Lesson 01.06 Bone Tissue

Bone Matrix

Be sure to click the “bone cell chart” for additional help defining some of these terms:

Osteogenesis-

Osteogenic stem cells-

Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)-

Osteocytes-

Haversian canals-

Canaliculi-

Osteoclasts-

Compact and Spongy Bone

During early bone development, bone tissue arises and replaces most ______structure (or cartilaginous structures) to form a bony skeleton.This is called ______.

There are two types of bone tissues that form during ossification: ______and ______bone.

Fill in the information below as you view the video on PAGE 4. (You may want to use the text version of the video to help.)

Bone Layers

Periosteum

What does the outer layer contain?

What is the function of the outer layer?

What does the inner layer contain?

What is the function of the inner layer?

Compact Bone

What is the structure of the osteon?

What is the structure of the Haversian canals?

Medullary Cavity

What is the structure of the medullary cavity?

What is found at the end of long bones?

Bone Cells

Osteogenic cells-

Osteoblasts-

Osteoclasts-

Osteocytes-

Bone Repair

When a bone breaks, blood vessels are damaged and blood leaks into the area forming a ______, or pool of blood, that develops into a clot. ______, disturbed by the fracture, communicate changes in the bone to the osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells. As blood vessels infiltrate the site, a soft fibrous granulation tissue is laid down, and a soft callus of fibrocartilage (collagen) begins to form. ______produce a hard callus that adheres to the dead bone at the injury site. They also form a temporary bridge of spongy bone to hold the ends together. Finally, ______act to remove any excess bone and callus. Within four to six months from the date of injury, repair is complete.

Lesson 01.07 DBAand Exam

Now it’s time to call me for the DBA (oral assessment).After the DBA, I’ll give you the password for the module exam.