1 Semester Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically- human geography:
processes in relations to earth’s patterns and
processes.
area of focus: space
distribution of phenomena across space
concentration/density within space
space time compression
pattern of phenomena across space
diffusion of phenomena
hearth
relocation diffusion
expansion diffusion
distance decay
- map scale: larger scale = larger area= coarse
verbal: scale is given in language
mathematical: scale is given in numbers
graphic: scale is given as a symbol/picture
- maps
dot density= density of a phenomenon
isoline = elevation
cartogram= proportional representation of a
phenomenon
proportional symbol= patterns
azimuthal= direction/ great circle routes
projections
distortion occurs when you flatten a round
object. All map projections distort either
size, shape or distance.
types of projection
Gall-Peters/equal area: maintains area
Robinson: maintain size of oceans
Mercator: maintains size at center
Conformal: maintains shape
Equidistant: maintain distance
- earth’s rotation
1 rotation=24 hours; 1 revolution=356 ¼ days
- Regions
Characteristic
functional: distribution or range of a service
vernacular/perceptional: places with
common opinions/identity
chapter 2 continued
5. Overpopulation
Malthus: population growth will deplete
resources. 2nd ag rev delayed Malthus’ predictions.
Carrying capacity: max # a country can support
6. Declining Birthrates
Economic development: NIR falls as
countries developcontraception: distribution has brought down birthrates in LDC’s. Availablity of abortion in MDC.
Anti-natalist policy: some governments offer incentives for voluntary sterilization.
Status of women: women often have more child-
ren when opportunity for education/jobs is limited
Chapter 9: Development
- Economic Indicators of Development
Types of jobs: MDC=<5% primary, 20-40 % industry (secondary), 60-80% service (tertiary)
LDC=>50% primary
Consumerism:when people have money to buy
items beyond food, clothing and shelter.
- Social Indicators of Development
Literacy: % of people that can read and write.
- Demographic Indicators
- HDI: created by UN by combining per capita GDP, education level, literacy & life expectancy
- GDI: Gender-Related Development Index
- GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure
& technical jobs, % of women in administration
and management
7. Distribution of MDC’s: 20-60 N latitude
Anglo America (.94): U.S.-Canada
Western Europe (.93): Norway to Greece
Japan (.94), South Pacific (.87) Australia, NZ
Eastern Europe(.80) Russia to Albania
- Distribution of LDC’s: 20 N to 50 S
East Asia (.76) China
Middle East (.68) Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq
Southeast Asia (.58) Indonesia, Vietnam etc.
South Asia (.58) India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Sub-Sahran Africa (.51) Ethiopia to S. Africa
Chapter 11: Industry
- Distribution of Industry
Eastern Europe: Russia, Ukraine, Silesia
North America: Great Lakes & N.E U.S.
East Asia: China, Japan, South Korea
- Situation Factors: relationship to inputs and
Bulk gaining=close to markets.
Break of bulk points: places to transfer
product from ship to rail or truck.
Just-in-time delivery: getting a part to the
plant just in time to install it.
Perishable: products with limited shelf life.
- Site Factors: cost of production, namely land,
Commodification: putting a price on
something that can’t really be measured (like
a person).
Chapter 10: Agriculture
- Agricultural Hearths
Seed Agriculture: W India, N China, Ethiopia
Diffusion of agriculture: From India to SW
Asia/Fertile Crescent across Europe and N.
Africa. China to S. and S.E. Asia.
- Differences in farming
Purpose: own consumption sell
Agricultural high low
Density
Machinery no yes
Farm size large small
Relationship to isolated integrated
Other business (agribusiness)
- Agriculture in LDC’s: subsistence
Pastoral Nomadism: Dry regions- N.Africa,
Middle East, Central Asia (Plateau of Tibet)
Intensive Subsistence: E, S & S.E. Asia
Plantation: commercial ag in tropics ofLatin America, Africa and Asia.
- Agriculture in MDC’s: commercial
Dairy Farming: near urban areas
Grain Farming: U.S. Europe, Argentina
Livestock Ranching: U.S. West, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand /
- Place: each place is unique as shown by their
Site factors: physical character of a place
situation factors: connections to other places
location: mathematical location
Chapter 2: Population
- Population Concentrations: Most people on earth live in mid-latitudes (20-40 degrees) with moderate rain and temperatures. Fewer people live in drylands, wetlands, highlands and coldlands.
East Asia: China, Japan, Korea
South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan
Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.
Europe: UK, Germany, France, Russia
U.S. N.E. & west coast S.W. Canada
2. Population Density
Arithmetic Density:divide land by population
Physiological Density: arable land divided by
Population(a more accurate measure of density)
Agricultural Density: ratio of farmers to land.
More farmers = less developed
3. Population Growth/Change
CBR minus CDR divided by 1000= %growth
example: CBR 50- CDR 15/1000= 3.5%
Total Fertility Rate: avg # children born per
woman. World average is 2.7
Infant Mortality: # infants per 1000 births
that die before age 1.
Subglobal accounting equation: includes
CBR-CDR plus or minus immigration. It does
not account for future population growth.
4. Demographic Transition
Stage 1: low growth; high birth and death
Stage 2: high growth; high birth, lower death
Resulted from first agricultural revolution
Stage 3: moderate growth; lower birth, low death
Resulted from medical revolution, industrial
revolution, urbanization
Stage 4: low growth; low birth, low death
MDC’s are in stage 4
Population pyramid: show age and sex ratio
- Approaches to Development
Attempts to develop by discouraging
international trade. Lack of competition
results in inefficiency and corruption. India
and Eastern Europe (under Communism) used
this approach but abandoned it.
Development through International Trade/
Rostow’s Development Model
Encourages development through free trade
- traditional society
- preconditions for take off: investment in industry by small elite groups
- take off: rapid growth in key industries
- drive to maturity: expand industry. Workers become more skilled & educated
- consumption: shift to production of consumer goods and services
Arabian Peninsula: also developed through international trade but only focus on oil.
Globalization: improvements in transport-
ation and communication (situation factors)
encourage companies to seek locations with
cheaper land and labor. (site factors)
new international division of labor/outsourcing
Transnational Corporation: companies head
–quartered in MDC invent new technology that
gets outsourced to LDCs for manufacture.
World Trade Organization: works to reduce
tariffs and other barriers to trade.
Special Economic ZonesMexicoChina
European Union and NAFTA: international
agreements that created common markets
between countries of Europe and N America.
Fair Trade: standards that provide consumers
that assurance that workers are paid higher
wages and work in better conditions.
Financing Development: IMF and World
Bank were established by the UN to provide
loans to developing countries.
Structural Adjustment Programs: requires
countries to meet certain goals in order to get
loan payments forgiven or adjusted.
10.Structuralist Interpretation of Development
Argues that development through international
trade keeps core countries (MDC’s with power
and leveredge) rich, while making countries on
the peripherypoor and dependent.
Chapter 10 continued
Mediterranean; Around Mediterranean Sea, California, central Chile, S.W. Australia
Commercial Gardening & Fruit Farming
(truck farming): S.E. U.S, Europe
- Access to Markets
truck farming/dairy, mixed crop livestock, grain farming, ranching
- Strategies to increase food supply
Higher productivity (green revolution & genetically modified foods)
Identify new food sources (Oceans, high yield cereals, improved taste of rare food)
Exports from countries with surplus