Functional strategies drive community assembly of stream fishesalong environmental gradients and across spatial scales

Matthew J. Troia * 1,2and Keith B. Gido1

1Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506

2 Present Address: Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA 37830

*Correspondence

email: ; telephone: (865) 574-9805; fax:(865) 576-398

Author Contributions: MJT and KBG conceived and designed the study. MJT collected community samples, compiled trait data, and analyzed data. MJT and KBG wrote the manuscript.

Online Resource 1.Reproductive life history trait values for 38 fish speciescollected in the Big Blue River basin.

Species / Code / Age at maturity (years)a / Length at maturity (mm)a / Maximum length (mm)a / Longevity (years)a / Annual fecunditya / Egg diameter (mm)a / Parental care scorea
Ameiurusmelas (Rafinesque, 1820) / Amel / 3 / 180 / 620 / 10 / 3069 / 2.75 / 4
Ameiurusnatalis (Lesueur, 1819) / Anat / 3 / 200 / 470 / 7 / 2961 / 2.75 / 4
Aplodinotusgrunniens (Rafinesque, 1819) / Agru / 5 / 342 / 696 / 17 / 85800 / 0.87 / 0
Campostomaanomalum (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cano / 3 / 91 / 188 / 5 / 2800 / 1.4 / 3
Carpiodescarpio (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cacar / 4 / 245 / 609 / 11 / 157854 / 1.2 / 0
Carpiodescyprinus (Lesueur, 1817) / Ccyp / 5 / 260 / 626 / 12 / 40000 / 1.2 / 0
Catostomuscommersonii (Lacepade, 1803) / Ccom / 4 / 230 / 589 / 10 / 60325 / 2.2 / 1
Chrosomuserythrogaster (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cery / 1 / 50 / 90 / 4 / 632 / 1.15 / 1
Cyprinuscarpio (Linnaeus, 1758) / Cycar / 3 / 432 / 1220 / 47 / 745417 / 1.5 / 0
Cyprinellalutrensis (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Clut / 1 / 40 / 80 / 3 / 6435 / 0.9 / 2
Dorosomacepedianum (Lesueur, 1818) / Dcep / 2 / 251 / 521 / 14 / 144000 / 0.75 / 0
Etheostomanigrum (Rafinesque, 1820) / Enig / 1 / 42.5 / 72.5 / 4.5 / 230 / 1.25 / 3
Etheostomaspectabile (Agassiz, 1854) / Espe / 1 / 30 / 80 / 3 / 705 / 1.24 / 1
Funduluszebrinus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883) / Fzeb / 1 / 41 / 100 / 3 / 172 / 2.07 / 1
Gambusiaaffinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Gaff / 0.3 / 30 / 63 / 1.5 / 160 / 2 / 4
Ictiobusbubalus (Rafinesque, 1818) / Ibub / 6 / 445 / 909 / 19 / 233031 / 1.6 / 0
Ictaluruspunctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) / Ipun / 4 / 358 / 1270 / 22 / 7977 / 3.75 / 3
Lepomiscyanellus (Rafinesque, 1819) / Lcya / 1 / 66 / 259 / 6 / 48000 / 1.2 / 3
Lepomishumilis (Girard, 1858) / Lhum / 1 / 61 / 137 / 4 / 2077.5 / 1 / 3
Lepomismacrochirus (Rafinesque, 1819) / Lmac / 2 / 102 / 384 / 9 / 19225 / 1.2 / 3
Lepisosteusosseus (Linnaeus, 1758) / Loss / 4 / 650 / 2032 / 36 / 27830 / 2.8 / 1
Luxiluscornutus (Mitchill, 1817) / Lcor / 2 F / 101 / 180 / 6 / 1800 / 1.25 / 2
Lythrurusumbratilis (Girard, 1856) / Lumb / 1 / 38 / 88 / 2 / 1659 / 0.81 / 1
Micropterussalmoides (Lacepade, 1802) / Msal / 2 / 250 / 701 / 15 / 25544 / 1.67 / 4
Moxostomamacrolepidotum (Lesueur, 1817) / Mmac / 4 / 330 / 768 / 14 / 20325 / 2.6 / 1
Notropisatherinoides (Rafinesque, 1818) / Nath / 1 / 60 / 127 / 5 / 9600 / 0.85 / 0
Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz, 1854) / Ndor / 1 F / 38F / 71F / 3F / 950F / 0.91F / 1F
Noturusflavis (Rafinesque, 1818) / Nfla / 3 / 100 / 267 / 8 / 410 / 2.75 / 3
Notropisstramineus (Cope, 1865) / Nstr / 1 / 36 / 67 / 3 / 1050 / 0.81 / 1
Notropistopeka (Gilbert, 1884) / Ntop / 1.5 / 40 / 75 / 3 / 600 / 0.7 / 1
Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard, 1856) / Pmir / 2 / 60 / 122 / 4 / 2470 / 1.28 / 0
Pimephalesnotatus (Rafinesque, 1820) / Pnot / 1 / 50.5 / 109 / 4 / 2544 / 1.06 / 3
Pimephalespromelas (Rafinesque, 1820) / Ppro / 1 / 48 / 101 / 3 / 8280 / 1 / 3
Pimephalesvigilax (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Pvig / 1 / 47 / 98 / 5 / 5008 / 1.1 / 3
Pomoxisannularis (Rafinesque, 1818) / Pann / 2 / 150 / 505 / 8 / 39922 / 0.89 / 3
Pomoxisnigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) / Pnig / 2 / 140 / 472 / 9 / 75590 / 0.93 / 3
Pylodictisolivaris (Rafinesque, 1818) / Poli / 5 / 485 / 1410 / 19 / 13250 / 3.7 / 3
Semotilusatromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818) / Satr / 2 / 76 / 302 / 8 / 8684 / 1.55 / 2
a Estimated from literature; b Proportion of total length measured from vouchers; c Interpolated to mean length measured from vouchers; d Measured from vouchers, independent of body size; eUnitless ratio measured from vouchers;fUnavailable in literature, estimated as the genus average.

Online Resource 2.Feeding trait values for 38 fish species collected in the Big Blue River basin.

Species / Code / Gut lengthb / Mouth positiona / Gape width (mm)c / Head lengthb / Head depthb / Gill rakerlength (mm)c / Eye diameterb
Ameiurusmelas (Rafinesque, 1820) / Amel / 0.8 / 82 / 23.9 / 0.23 / 0.12 / 3.34 / 0.041
Ameiurusnatalis (Lesueur, 1819) / Anat / 0.59 / 74 / 17.7 / 0.24 / 0.11 / 2.41 / 0.040
Aplodinotusgrunniens (Rafinesque, 1819) / Agru / 0.56 / 55 / 8.3 / 0.24 / 0.14 / 1.34 / 0.077
Campostomaanomalum (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cano / 3.55 / 64 / 3.7 / 0.21 / 0.11 / 0.27 / 0.052
Carpiodescarpio (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cacar / 2.88 / 35 / 8.4 / 0.23 / 0.14 / 3.50 / 0.072
Carpiodescyprinus (Lesueur, 1817) / Ccyp / 1.96 / 40 / 16.7 / 0.22 / 0.13 / 9.40 / 0.046
Catostomuscommersonii (Lacepade, 1803) / Ccom / 1.57 / 29 / 5.7 / 0.22 / 0.12 / 1.24 / 0.052
Chrosomuserythrogaster (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cery / 1.83 / 84 / 2.8 / 0.20 / 0.10 / 0.17 / 0.061
Cyprinuscarpio (Linnaeus, 1758) / Cycar / 1.67 / 71 / 21.2 / 0.24 / 0.14 / 2.84 / 0.051
Cyprinellalutrensis (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Clut / 0.67 / 90 / 2.5 / 0.21 / 0.12 / 0.20 / 0.067
Dorosomacepedianum (Lesueur, 1818) / Dcep / 2.13 / 91 / 9.1 / 0.24 / 0.13 / 2.76 / 0.074
Etheostomanigrum (Rafinesque, 1820) / Enig / 0.44 / 52 / 3 / 0.22 / 0.10 / 0.21 / 0.069
Etheostomaspectabile (Agassiz, 1854) / Espe / 0.43 / 75 / 2.5 / 0.24 / 0.13 / 0.39 / 0.066
Funduluszebrinus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883) / Fzeb / 1.15 / 92 / 4.5 / 0.24 / 0.12 / 0.49 / 0.069
Gambusiaaffinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Gaff / 0.5 / 97 / 3 / 0.21 / 0.11 / 0.25 / 0.071
Ictiobusbubalus (Rafinesque, 1818) / Ibub / 1.88 / 39 / 8.9 / 0.21 / 0.13 / 3.56 / 0.053
Ictaluruspunctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) / Ipun / 0.62 / 55 / 11.9 / 0.21 / 0.10 / 1.88 / 0.055
Lepomiscyanellus (Rafinesque, 1819) / Lcya / 0.68 / 81 / 9.3 / 0.32 / 0.19 / 2.35 / 0.084
Lepomishumilis (Girard, 1858) / Lhum / 0.61 / 86 / 4.4 / 0.31 / 0.18 / 1.25 / 0.091
Lepomismacrochirus (Rafinesque, 1819) / Lmac / 0.76 / 93 / 5.2 / 0.27 / 0.18 / 1.24 / 0.090
Lepisosteusosseus (Linnaeus, 1758) / Loss / 0.49 / 71 / 17.9 / 0.31 / 0.04 / 0.01 / 0.027
Luxiluscornutus (Mitchill, 1817) / Lcor / 0.75 / 88 / 3.8 / 0.22 / 0.12 / 0.39 / 0.067
Lythrurusumbratilis (Girard, 1856) / Lumb / 0.51 / 92 / 2.4 / 0.20 / 0.11 / 0.09 / 0.072
Micropterussalmoides (Lacepade, 1802) / Msal / 0.71 / 91 / 13.1 / 0.30 / 0.14 / 3.78 / 0.062
Moxostomamacrolepidotum (Lesueur, 1817) / Mmac / 1.23 / 35 / 5.5 / 0.20 / 0.12 / 1.11 / 0.064
Notropisatherinoides (Rafinesque, 1818) / Nath / 0.49 / 91 / 2.1 / 0.21 / 0.11 / 0.20 / 0.072
Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz, 1854) / Ndor / 0.54 / 64 / 3.9 / 0.22 / 0.10 / 0.09 / 0.067
Noturusflavis (Rafinesque, 1818) / Nfla / 0.58 / 46 / 9.8 / 0.24 / 0.10 / 0.47 / 0.043
Notropisstramineus (Cope, 1865) / Nstr / 0.71 / 80 / 3 / 0.21 / 0.10 / 0.15 / 0.064
Notropistopeka (Gilbert, 1884) / Ntop / 0.66 / 78 / 2.9 / 0.21 / 0.11 / 0.31 / 0.072
Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard, 1856) / Pmir / 0.58 / 29 / 4.4 / 0.19 / 0.11 / 0.78 / 0.051
Pimephalesnotatus (Rafinesque, 1820) / Pnot / 1.25 / 58 / 2.7 / 0.21 / 0.11 / 0.19 / 0.074
Pimephalespromelas (Rafinesque, 1820) / Ppro / 2.26 / 76 / 2.6 / 0.22 / 0.11 / 0.23 / 0.066
Pimephalesvigilax (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Pvig / 0.71 / 78 / 2.5 / 0.21 / 0.11 / -0.01 / 0.075
Pomoxisannularis (Rafinesque, 1818) / Pann / 0.46 / 92 / 5.8 / 0.27 / 0.14 / 3.65 / 0.074
Pomoxisnigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) / Pnig / 0.57 / 93 / 4.8 / 0.27 / 0.15 / 1.59 / 0.084
Pylodictisolivaris (Rafinesque, 1818) / Poli / 0.74 / 91 / 46.1 / 0.25 / 0.08 / 5.15 / 0.039
Semotilusatromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818) / Satr / 0.63 / 85 / 5.1 / 0.23 / 0.11 / 0.32 / 0.053
a Estimated from literature; b Proportion of total length measured from vouchers; c Interpolated to mean length measured from vouchers; d Measured from vouchers, independent of body size; eUnitless ratio measured from vouchers; fUnavailable in literature, estimated as the genus average.

Online Resource 3.Locomotion trait values for 38 fish species collected in the Big Blue River basin.

Species / Code / Pelvic fin position (°)d / Shape factore / Swim factore / Dorsal fin heightb / Dorsal fin lengthb / Anal fin heightb / Anal fin lengthb / Pectoral fin lengthb / Pelvic fin lengthb
Ameiurusmelas (Rafinesque, 1820) / Amel / 18 / 4.88 / 0.44 / 0.148 / 0.087 / 0.130 / 0.199 / 0.136 / 0.118
Ameiurusnatalis (Lesueur, 1819) / Anat / 16 / 4.75 / 0.57 / 0.155 / 0.081 / 0.118 / 0.251 / 0.152 / 0.115
Aplodinotusgrunniens(Rafinesque, 1819) / Agru / 68 / 3.77 / 0.52 / 0.093 / 0.419 / 0.136 / 0.078 / 0.182 / 0.171
Campostomaanomalum (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cano / 14 / 5.39 / 0.43 / 0.149 / 0.091 / 0.130 / 0.077 / 0.145 / 0.117
Carpiodescarpio (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cacar / 10 / 3.52 / 0.46 / 0.203 / 0.291 / 0.154 / 0.080 / 0.151 / 0.146
Carpiodescyprinus (Lesueur, 1817) / Ccyp / 8 / 3.21 / 0.38 / 0.243 / 0.330 / 0.143 / 0.068 / 0.140 / 0.143
Catostomuscommersonii (Lacepade, 1803) / Ccom / 5 / 5.6 / 0.41 / 0.156 / 0.130 / 0.139 / 0.066 / 0.155 / 0.123
Chrosomuserythrogaster (Rafinesque, 1820) / Cery / 10 / 5.55 / 0.38 / 0.168 / 0.098 / 0.147 / 0.095 / 0.153 / 0.116
Cyprinuscarpio (Linnaeus, 1758) / Cycar / 13 / 3.66 / 0.31 / 0.140 / 0.301 / 0.139 / 0.067 / 0.164 / 0.153
Cyprinellalutrensis (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Clut / 10 / 5 / 0.49 / 0.175 / 0.109 / 0.151 / 0.115 / 0.168 / 0.126
Dorosomacepedianum (Lesueur, 1818) / Dcep / 23 / 3.31 / 0.31 / 0.170 / 0.103 / 0.079 / 0.218 / 0.172 / 0.101
Etheostomanigrum (Rafinesque, 1820) / Enig / 76 / 6.93 / 0.66 / 0.144 / 0.359 / 0.120 / 0.116 / 0.208 / 0.165
Etheostomaspectabile (Agassiz, 1854) / Espe / 58 / 5.84 / 0.82 / 0.111 / 0.386 / 0.139 / 0.169 / 0.218 / 0.178
Funduluszebrinus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883) / Fzeb / 15 / 5.64 / 0.59 / 0.144 / 0.151 / 0.162 / 0.108 / 0.154 / 0.087
Gambusiaaffinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Gaff / 29 / 4.83 / 0.63 / 0.148 / 0.083 / 0.171 / 0.093 / 0.169 / 0.097
Ictiobusbubalus (Rafinesque, 1818) / Ibub / 16 / 3.44 / 0.39 / 0.208 / 0.295 / 0.190 / 0.085 / 0.146 / 0.179
Ictaluruspunctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) / Ipun / 10 / 6.03 / 0.27 / 0.167 / 0.075 / 0.105 / 0.204 / 0.153 / 0.104
Lepomiscyanellus (Rafinesque, 1819) / Lcya / 64 / 3.13 / 0.49 / 0.142 / 0.340 / 0.148 / 0.152 / 0.190 / 0.156
Lepomishumilis (Girard, 1858) / Lhum / 68 / 3.71 / 0.44 / 0.129 / 0.328 / 0.147 / 0.148 / 0.243 / 0.165
Lepomismacrochirus (Rafinesque, 1819) / Lmac / 56 / 2.85 / 0.45 / 0.146 / 0.340 / 0.153 / 0.172 / 0.254 / 0.177
Lepisosteusosseus (Linnaeus, 1758) / Loss / 2 / 7.76 / 0.93 / 0.104 / 0.044 / 0.103 / 0.049 / 0.068 / 0.092
Luxiluscornutus (Mitchill, 1817) / Lcor / 9 / 5.72 / 0.33 / 0.171 / 0.101 / 0.130 / 0.096 / 0.145 / 0.118
Lythrurusumbratilis (Girard, 1856) / Lumb / 9 / 5.68 / 0.59 / 0.166 / 0.088 / 0.141 / 0.109 / 0.150 / 0.122
Micropterussalmoides (Lacepade, 1802) / Msal / 65 / 4.29 / 0.43 / 0.128 / 0.323 / 0.139 / 0.125 / 0.153 / 0.137
Moxostomamacrolepidotum (Lesueur, 1817) / Mmac / 7 / 5.05 / 0.43 / 0.186 / 0.146 / 0.158 / 0.067 / 0.166 / 0.142
Notropisatherinoides (Rafinesque, 1818) / Nath / 9 / 5.9 / 0.42 / 0.162 / 0.094 / 0.137 / 0.118 / 0.142 / 0.112
Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz, 1854) / Ndor / 10 / 6.23 / 0.44 / 0.176 / 0.096 / 0.138 / 0.094 / 0.149 / 0.111
Noturusflavis (Rafinesque, 1818) / Nfla / 18 / 5.75 / 0.72 / 0.154 / 0.103 / 0.122 / 0.178 / 0.151 / 0.107
Notropisstramineus (Cope, 1865) / Nstr / 10 / 5.79 / 0.43 / 0.183 / 0.109 / 0.138 / 0.091 / 0.149 / 0.119
Notropistopeka (Gilbert, 1884) / Ntop / 11 / 5.29 / 0.36 / 0.197 / 0.102 / 0.152 / 0.084 / 0.145 / 0.131
Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard, 1856) / Pmir / 7 / 5.96 / 0.39 / 0.164 / 0.116 / 0.129 / 0.078 / 0.149 / 0.132
Pimephalesnotatus (Rafinesque, 1820) / Pnot / 10 / 5.1 / 0.44 / 0.159 / 0.125 / 0.122 / 0.075 / 0.142 / 0.119
Pimephalespromelas (Rafinesque, 1820) / Ppro / 11 / 5.04 / 0.43 / 0.148 / 0.123 / 0.116 / 0.082 / 0.140 / 0.111
Pimephalesvigilax (Baird & Girard, 1853) / Pvig / 8 / 5.74 / 0.51 / 0.169 / 0.121 / 0.123 / 0.064 / 0.147 / 0.122
Pomoxisannularis (Rafinesque, 1818) / Pann / 64 / 3.54 / 0.44 / 0.158 / 0.234 / 0.182 / 0.247 / 0.185 / 0.155
Pomoxisnigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) / Pnig / 70 / 3.51 / 0.37 / 0.163 / 0.262 / 0.191 / 0.258 / 0.184 / 0.153
Pylodictisolivaris (Rafinesque, 1818) / Poli / 12 / 9.21 / 0.29 / 0.163 / 0.091 / 0.127 / 0.132 / 0.134 / 0.114
Semotilusatromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818) / Satr / 7 / 5.43 / 0.46 / 0.140 / 0.094 / 0.122 / 0.075 / 0.128 / 0.105
a Estimated from literature; b Proportion of total length measured from vouchers; c Interpolated to mean length measured from vouchers; d Measured from vouchers, independent of body size; eUnitless ratio measured from vouchers; fUnavailable in literature, estimated as the genus average.