Study Area (Tokyo City) and Fourteen Parks Sampled and Seven Built-Up Sites

Fig. S1

Study area (Tokyo city) and fourteen parks sampled and seven built-up sites.

Fig. S2

Species accumulation curves of ground beetles in remnant parks (blue line), old established parks (green line) and newly established parks (red line). Pale colored polygons are 95% CIs.

Fig. S3

Species richness of butterflies and ground beetles in four habitat types estimated by GLMMs; remnant parks (Remnant), old established parks (Old est.), newly established parks (New est.), and built-up sites (Built-up), respectively. Estimates are shown using the mean values (black squares) and associated 95% CIs (vertical bars). Because we used old established parks as a reference category, the estimate of each habitat type was calculated by the sum of intercepts of old parks and slope of each habitat type (see Table 1). Note that each estimated value on the panels is shown after exponential transformation (the log-scale estimated values of GLMMs were shown in Table 1). Because in this study ground beetles were not found in the built-up sites, we removed these sites from the panels for ground beetles.

Fig. S4

Abundance of butterflies and ground beetles in four habitat types estimated by GLMMs. Details were shown in Fig. S3.

TABLE S1

All butterfly and ground beetle species observed at 21 sampling sites (5 remnant parks, 5 old established parks, 4 newly established parks, and 7 built-up sites) and their main habitat types.

Species / Study sites / Habitat types
Remnant / Old est. / New est. / Built-up / Woodland/ Open-land / Patch-dependent/ Matrix-dwelling
Fuchu-1 / Hachioji-1 / Mitaka-1 / Hachioji-2 / Hachioji-3 / Setagaya-1 / Chofu-1 / Chuo-1 / Koto-1 / Kita-1 / Shinagawa-1 / Shinjuku-1 / Sumida-1 / Nerima-1 / Built-up_1 / Built-up_2 / Built-up_3 / Built-up_4 / Built-up_5 / Built-up_6 / Built-up_7
Butterflies
Parnassius citrinarius / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Byasa alcinous / ● / ● / - / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Graphium sarpedon / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papilio machaon / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Papilio xuthus / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / wood / matrix
Papilio helenus / - / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papilio protenor / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papilio memnon / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papilio macilentus / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papilio bianor / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Colias erate / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / open / matrix
Eurema hecabe / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Pieris spp. / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / open / matrix
Anthocharis scolymus / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Parantica sita / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Argyreus hyperbius / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / open / matrix
Limenitis camilla / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Neptis sappho / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Polygonia c-aureum / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / open / patch
Nymphalis xanthomelas / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Vanessa cardui / ● / - / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Vanessa indica / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Kaniska canace / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Hestina persimilis japonica / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Hestina assimilis / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Libythea celtis / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Narathura japonica / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Narathura bazalus / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Japonica lutea / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Japonica saepestriata / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Antigius attilia / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Rapala arata / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Callophrys ferrea / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Lycaena phlaeas / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / open / patch
Lampides boeticus / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Pseudozizeeria maha / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / open / patch
Celastrina argiolus / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / wood / matrix
Everes argiades / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Curetis acuta / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Ypthima argus / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Minois dryas / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Lethe diana / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Lethe sicelis / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Neope goschkevitschii / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Erynnis montanus / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Daimio tethys / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Isoteinon lamprospilus / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Potanthus flavum / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Parnara guttata / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / ● / open / matrix
Ground beetles
Asaphidion semilucidum / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Carabus albrechti esakianus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Carabus insulicola / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Carabus procerulus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Myas cuprescens / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Lesticus magnus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Trigonotoma lewisii / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Pterostichus yoritomus / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Pterostichus prolongatus / ● / - / - / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Pterostichus takaosanus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Pristosia aeneola / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Synuchus nitidus / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Synuchus cycloderus / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Amara chalcites / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Amara simplicidens / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Amara macronota ovalipennis / ● / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Harpalus tridens / - / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Diplocheila zeelandica / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Haplochlaenius costiger / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Chlaenius abstersus / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Chlaenius virgulifer / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Chlaenius micans / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Chlaenius naeviger / - / - / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Chlaenius posticalis / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Planetes puncticeps / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Necrophila japonica / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Nicrophorus quadripunctatus / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -