US History Semester 2 Final Exam Study GuideName______Hr.___

Chapter 9

  1. Monroe Doctrine (What concern did it address? What was impact on U.S. / European / Latin American relations?)

European powers might try to colonize new Latin American countries. It prevented the United States from interfering with any future conflicts or wars between European nations. Latin American nations came within the United States’ sphere of influence and the U.S. would protect its interests there.

  1. Adams-Onis Treaty (results) The US gained control of E. Florida and gave up parts of what is now Texas.
  2. Nationalism
  3. American System (goals, accomplishments) make the United States economically independent
  4. McCullouch v. Maryland (Issue, Effect on National Unity and Federal Government)

Issue=National Bank, Reinforced the power of the Federal Gov and increased national unity.

  1. Gibbons v. Ogden (Issue, Decision, Effect on National Unity and Federal Government)

States cannot interfere with the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Reinforced the power of the federal government.

  1. sectionalism

It is when politicians place the interests of one region over the interests of the nation.

  1. Missouri Compromise (issues, consequences)

It prohibited slavery in states and territories north of Missouri’s southern border.

An equal balance between free and slave states was maintained.

  1. Era of Good Feeling

Period of peace, pride, and prosperity in the US

  1. Changes / themes in art, literature, music of early 1800s

Painters showed the history, national pride, and natural beauty of America in their work.

Hudson River School = A group of artists whose paintings reflected national pride and American landscape.

The literary style of writer Washington Irving was Satire

The literary style of James Fennimore Cooper was Historical Fiction.

Music was focused on religion and national pride.

**Education - democracy needed educated and informed citizens to survive, so public schools were supported.

Chapter 10

  1. Early 1800s - northerners view of:
  2. tariffs – Favored helped N. to compete with British manufacturers.
  3. government sale of public lands in west – Didn't like it – it encouraged potential laborers in the North to migrate west
  4. Early 1800s – southerners view of tariffs – Opposed – thought tariffs would anger European trading partners causing them to increase their tariffs.
  5. Nullification crisis – what was the dispute over? States' right to reject unconstitutional federal laws.
  6. McCulloch v. Maryland – decided that the national bank was constitutional.
  1. Bureau of Indian Affairs - federal agency created to manage the removal of Native Americans to the West
  2. Indian Territory - present-day Oklahoma
  3. Andrew Jackson’s plan to remove American Indians to the West—who benefited most? American farmers, gained land for settlement and farming
  4. Trail of Tears - the forced 800-mile march of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory

Chapter 11

  1. Annexation of Texas – Why President Jackson opposed it? It would upset the balance between free and slave states.
  2. Manifest Destiny – The belief that it was America’s obvious fate is to expand westward in order to spread democracy.
  3. Slavery, “manifest destiny,” westward expansion—how were they connected? Americans did not know if slavery would be allowed in the new territories. Many wanted to expand slavery, many opposed it.
  4. Bear Flag Revolt - A group of Americans seized the town of Sonoma and declared California’s independence.
  5. Gadsden Purchase – benefit to US? It secured a southern route for a transcontinental railroad on American soil. US gained southern part of current AZ and NM. Mexican border finally set.
  6. “forty-niners” people who migrated to California from other parts of America and abroad seeking gold.
  7. Results of California Gold Rush - People flocked to California to “get rich quick” and then stayed to build a stable frontier society.
  8. transcontinental railroad – Why Important? Linked the East and West economically. People could more easily move west to settle.

Chapter 12

  1. Industrial Revolution - period of rapid growth during which machines became essential to industry.
  2. Inventions (What? Why important?):
  3. water frame Used flowing water to power looms and spinning wheels. It shifted the location of production from homes to textile mills
  4. Telegraph - let people send news quickly from coast to coast.
  5. Plow and reaper – farmers could plant and harvest huge fields and increased crop yields.
  6. Eli Whitney—effect on manufacturing? He came up with the idea of interchangeable parts.
  7. textile industry—mills—working conditions – dusty, dangerous, long hours, often caused chronic health problems. Kept profits high by hiring children and paid them very little
  8. trade unions - Organization of workers who tried to improve workers’ pay and working conditions
  9. Transportation Revolution—inventions?—benefits? steam-powered train, steamboat – faster travel, access to new areas, increased trade, decreased cost of trade.
  10. Gibbons v. Ogden (issue) Who controls interstate trade—state or federal government
  11. Location of American industries in mid-1800s—why? The North. They had more rivers to provide power and more capital, and a larger labor force. Near cities to provide easier access to workers.

Chapter 13

  1. Slavery in the South
  2. Portion of whites that owned slaves – one third
  3. Justification – used religion to justify-- said that God created some people to rule over others.
  4. Control of slaves - most used physical punishments
  5. Education of slaves - Teaching slaves was against the law in most states.
  6. Slave Codes - strict state laws that controlled the actions of slaves
  7. Nat Turner’s Rebellion—What? A slave rebellion —Why? Wanted to end slavery —Result? Slave codes were toughened.

Chapter 14

  1. Irish Immigration in 1840s – millions came to US when potato blight destroyed potato crop in Ireland
  2. Know-Nothing Party—view of immigration? Wanted to restrict immigration to protect the jobs and culture of native-born Americans
  3. Growth of middle class in 1800s—why? the growth of industry and cities
  4. Second Great Awakening – a period of Christian renewal that began in the northeastern United States.
  5. Temperance movement – reform effort aimed at getting people to stop drinking hard liquor.
  6. William Lloyd Garrison – abolitionist who published an antislavery newspaper called the Liberator.
  7. Harriet Tubman – conductor on the Underground Railroad
  8. Frederick Douglas – former slave who contributed to the abolitionist cause
  9. Sojourner Truth – former slave who contributed to the abolitionist cause
  10. emancipation
  11. What is it? Freeing of the slaves
  12. Why unlikely in the South? Southern economy was too dependent on slavery
  13. Women’s movement
  14. What is it? Effort to gain rights for women – ie. Right to vote, control own property, etc.
  15. Origins? Developed out of the abolitionist movement.
  16. Susan B. Anthony – Worked to gain the right for married women of their own wages and property
  17. Seneca Falls Convention – Meeting in N.Y. - marks thestart of the organized women’s rights movement.

Chapter 15

  1. Wilmot Proviso - prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession.
  2. Sectionalism - favoring the interests of a region over those of the country
  3. Popular sovereignty
  4. What is it? The people control the government through their votes
  5. Affect on slavery - States or territories would vote to decide whether to permit slavery.
  6. Compromise of 1850
  7. What is it? CA enters as a free state, Mexican Cession divided in two territories, decision of slavery made by popular sovereignty.
  8. Consequence? The balance between free and slave states ended in the Union.
  9. Henry Clay – He proposed that California enter the Union as a free state
  10. Fugitive Slave Act – Law that increased penalties for helping escaped slaves. Commissioners benefited from returning slaves to slaveholders.
  11. Kansas Nebraska Act
  12. What is it? It divided the Louisiana Purchase into two territories. Issue of slavery would be decided by the people.
  13. Effect on political parties? The Republican Party formed.
  14. Dred Scott v. Sanford - Living in a free state doesn't make you free. Slaves are property not citizens. The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional.
  15. John Brown’s raid
  16. What is it? Abolitionist, John Brown's, failed attempt at a slave rebellion by capturing an arsenal at Harper's Ferry
  17. Affect? increased the tensions between slave and free states
  18. Secession of Southern states
  19. Which ones? SC, MS, AL, GA, FL, TX, AR, LA, TN, NC, VA
  20. When? 1860
  21. Why? They were defending slave labor, which was essential to the southern economy and way of life.

Chapter 16

  1. Civil War
  2. Ulysses S Grant – Union General – Hero in the Mexican-American War
  3. Robert E. Lee – Confederate General -
  4. William Tecumseh Sherman (including war strategy) - Union General—strategy included destroying all civilian and military resources
  5. Abraham Lincoln
  6. Why he favored abolition – Believed slave labor in the south was helping the Confederate war efforts, so freeing slaves would help N. win the war..
  7. Emancipation Proclamation (including connection to Declaration of Independence) – called for all Confederate slaves to be freed. Used ideas from Dec. of Ind. that all men are created equal and entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
  8. Gettysburg Address (including connection to Declaration of Independence) - Praised bravery, committed to winning the war, connected to themes of liberty, equality, and democracy from Dec. of Ind.
  9. Northern Democrats’ opinion of Emancipation Proclamation – Afraid that freed slaves would come north and take their jobs
  10. Changes during Civil War on civilians in general and women specifically – Civilians had to take over the jobs left vacant by soldiers. Women medical care for wounded soldiers
  11. Effect of Civil War on economic condition of South – the economy was in ruins-- war had destroyed homes and jobs were not available

Ironclads - ships were heavily armored with thick metal plating

Chapter 17

  1. Reconstruction
  2. Goal? readmit the former Confederate states into the Union
  3. Lincoln’s plan and main hope – reunite the nation as quickly as possible
  4. Andrew Johnson’s plan – pardons for all white southerners except leaders, but then he planned to grant the leaders amnesty through presidential pardons
  5. Affect on social structure and attitudes of African Americans in the South African Americans – began to demand the same economic and political rights as whites.
  6. Changes in state legislatures in the South – During reconstruction Republicans gained powere and some African Americans were elected as representatives to state legislatures.
  7. Freedmen’s Bureau – An organization established by Congress to aid poor southerners.
  8. Thirteenth Amendment – End of slavery
  9. Black Codes – laws that limited the freedom of African Americans
  10. Fourteenth Amendment – Gave African Americans rights as citizens BUT EXCLUDED Native Americans
  11. Fifteenth Amendment – Gave African Americans the right to vote.
  12. Klu Klux Klan – Secret organization that used violence and terror to intimidate blacks.
  13. Compromise of 1877—results – settled results of Election of 1876 and resulted in the removal of federal troops from the South
  14. Jim Crow Laws – laws that enforced the segregation of African Americans and whites
  15. Plessy v. Fergusson – Supreme Court case that legalized segregation – claiming that there could be “separate-but-equal” facilities
  16. Sharecropping – system of farming in which the poor shared crops with wealthy land owners. The poor were never able to save money because they were in a cycle of debt.