AP United States History - Terms and People – Unit 11, Chapter 30 (13th Ed.)
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The War to End War, 1917 – 1918
Before studying Chapter 30, read over these “Themes”:
Theme: Entering World War I in response to Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson turned America’s participation into a fervent ideological crusade for democracy that successfully stirred the public to a great voluntary war effort, but at some cost to traditional civil liberties.
Theme: After America’s limited but important contribution to the Allied victory, a triumphant Wilson attempted to construct a peace based on his idealistic Fourteen Points. But European and Senatorial opposition, and especially his own political errors, doomed American ratification of the Versailles Treaty and participation in the League of Nations.
After studying Chapter 30 in your textbook, you should be able to:
1. Explain what caused the United States to enter World War I.
2. Describe how Wilsonian idealism turned the war into an ideological crusade that inspired fervor and overwhelmed dissent.
3. Discuss the mobilization of America for war.
4. Explain the consequences of World War I for labor, women, and African-Americans.
5. Describe America’s economic and military role in the war.
6. Analyze Wilson’s attempt to forge a peace based on his Fourteen Points and explain why developments at home and abroad forced him to compromise.
7. Discuss the opposition of Lodge and others to Wilson’s League and show how Wilson’s refusal to compromise doomed the Treaty of Versailles.
Know the following people and terms. Consider the historical significance of each term or person. Also note the dates of the event if that is pertinent.
A. People
Jeanette Pickering Rankin - “I want to stand by my country, but I cannot vote for war. I vote no.” (Congressional speech, 1917)
George Creel
Eugene V. Debs
Bernard Baruch
Herbert Hoover
Alice Paul
Henry Cabot Lodge
Warren G. Harding
James M. Cox
B. Terms:
self-determination
collective security
conscription
CO
“normalcy”
*Zimmermann Telegram (note)
*Fourteen Points
League of Nations
Committee on Public Information
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Schenck v. United States
Industrial Workers of the World
War Industries Board
Bolsheviks
doughboys
Big Four
irreconcilables
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations / Article X (10)
Flu pandemic
*=A 100 Milestone Document from the National Archive. Go to Webpage to link to these documents.
C. Sample Essay: Using what you have previously learned and what you read in Chapter 31, you should be able to answer an essay such as this one:
How was President Wilson forced to compromise during the peace negotiations, and why did America, in
the end, refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations?
D. Reading a graph: Compared to the other major combatants in World War I, how badly did the United States suffer in terms of losses? Who suffered the most?
E. Voices from the past:
On the third of February last I officially laid before you the extraordinary announcement of the Imperial German Government that on and after the first day of February it was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach . . . any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany. . . . [S]ince April last year the Imperial Government had somewhat restrained the commanders of its undersea craft in conformity with its promise then given to us that passenger boats should not be sunk and that due warning would be given to all other vessels which its submarines might seek to destroy when no resistance was offered or escape attempted, and care taken that their crews were given at least a chance to save their lives in open boats. . . . [A] certain degree of restraint was observed. The new policy has swept every restriction aside. . . . The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against all mankind.
It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but the ships and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and overwhelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been no discrimination. The challenge is to all mankind. . . .
With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war against the government and people of the United States. . . .
*President Woodrow Wilson’s Address to Congress April 2, 1917, leading to a Declaration of War
against Germany
F. Interpreting Political Cartoons
When The Bill Comes Due
1. What is the title of this cartoon? ______
2. Are the people real, or are they symbols? ______
3. What country does the policeman represent? ______
4. What country does the “waiter” represent? ______
5. What country is the policeman holding? ______
6. What is the waiter presenting? ______
7. To whom is he presenting it? ______
8. Who is the man in the lower left corner? ______
9. What is he doing while all of this is going on behind him? ______
10. Is the cartoon supportive or critical of him? ______
G. What were the 14 Points of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points proposal?
I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of
any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the
seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions
among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with
domestic safety.
V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of
the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must
have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the
best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed
opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of
a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome,
assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister
nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as
distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty
which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore
confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their
relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever
impaired.
VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in
1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be
righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be
accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure
access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along
historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic
independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities
which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested
opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the
ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish
populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic
independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual
guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
H. Chronology of Wilson’s Fight for the League of Nations
Nov. 11, 1918 - Armistice ends fighting in Europe
Jan. 18, 1919 - Peace Conference opens in Paris; Big 4 – David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States
Feb. 14, 1919 - Wilson submits Draft Covenant for a League of Nations: The Covenant becomes the first 26 Articles of the Treaty, especially the key Article 10
Feb. 15, 1919 - Wilson leaves Paris, returns to the United States
Feb. 24, 1919 - Wilson arrives in Boston; gives speech promoting League
Feb. 26, 1919 - Wilson dinner meeting with Congress foreign policy leaders; "tea with the Mad Hatter" says one of the Congressmen.
Feb. 28, 1919 - Lodge speech rejects principle of mutual guarantee
Mar.5-, 1919 - Wilson allows 4 changes in Covenant: no member need accept a mandate; domestic affairs excluded; Monroe Doctrine not impaired; may withdraw after 2 years' notice
May 19, 1919 - 66th Congress opens; different positions on Treaty:
1. Strong Internationalists (Wilson, 27 Dem.)
2. Limited Internationalists (Butler, Taft, 8 Rep.)
3. Mild Reservationists (Hitchcock, 20 Rep. and 20 Dem.)
4. Strong Reservationists (Lodge, 7 Rep.)
5. Irreconcilables (Borah, Johnson, 14 Rep. and 1 Dem.)
Jun. 9, 1919 - Borah publishes copy of Treaty
Jun. 10, 1919 - Knox introduces resolution to separate Treaty of the League, but it is defeated in Senate
Jun. 28, 1919 - Treaty of Versailles signed in Hall of Mirrors and ratified by Germany (July 7), France (Oct. 13), England (Oct. 15), Italy (Oct. 15), Japan (Oct. 30)
July 8, 1919 - Wilson arrives in U.S. and presents Treaty to Senate July 10;"The stage is set, the destiny disclosed."
July 14-28 - Lodge reads all 246 pages of Treaty aloud to Senate
July 31-Sept. - Lodge conducts public hearings; calls 60 witnesses
Aug. 19, 1919 – Wilson, at 3 hour lunch meeting with entire Senate Foreign Relations Committee, agrees to interpretative reservations
Sept. 4, 1919 - Wilson's 8000 mile tour, 40 speeches in 29 cities in 22 days
Sep. 10, 1919 - Borah and Johnson begin national tour to oppose Treaty
Sep. 10, 1919 - Committee proposes 45 amendments and 4 reservations; all amendments defeated by Senate; sent back to Committee
Sep. 25, 1919 - Wilson collapses in Pueblo, Col.; returns to D.C.; suffers stroke Oct. 2; ill for 7 months
Nov. 6, 1919 - Committee proposes 14 Lodge reservations
LODGE RESERVATIONS:
1) . . . in case of notice of withdrawal from the league of nations, as provided in said article [Article 1], the United States
shall be the sole judge as to whether all its international obligations . . . have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal . . .
may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the United States
2) The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country . . .
under the provisions of article 10, or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States under any article of the treaty
for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which . . . has the sole power to declare war . . . shall . . . so provide
3) No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under article 22 . . . except by action of the Congress of the United States
4) The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction...
5) The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the assembly or by the council of the league of nations . . . any
questions which in the judgment of the United States depend upon or relate to . . . the Monroe doctrine; said doctrine is to be
interpreted by the United States alone and is... holly outside the jurisdiction of said league of nations...
6) The United States withholds its assent to articles 156, 157, and 158 [Shantung clauses]...
7) The Congress of the United States will provide by law for the appointment of the representatives of the United States in the