UNIVERSIDADE DE BEIRA INTERIOR
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION...... 3
1.1. Objective ...... 3
1.2. Utylisation functions and roles ...... 3
2. ANIMAL WASTE CLASIFICATION ...... 4
2.1. Disitribution ...... 7
2.2. Codes and symbols ...... 8
3. ANIMAL WASTE PRODUCTION ...... 9
3.1. Waste characteristics ...... 9
3.1.1.Animal by-products ...... 10
3.1.2. Waste water and manure ...... 11
3.2. Enviromental problems ...... 15
3.2.1. Storage ...... 15
3.2.2. Odour polution ...... 17
4. ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT ...... 20
4.1. By-products rendering ...... 20
4.1.1. Blood ...... 29
4.1.2. . Fish-meal and fish-oil production ……………………… 30
4.2. Waste water treatment ...... 32
4.2.1. Mechanical treatment methods ...... 34
4.2.2. Biological treatment methods ...... 35
4.2.3. Phisico-chemical treatment methods ...... 36
4.3. Biogas production ...... 37
4.4. Composting ...... 39
5. SUGESTION AND NEW IDEAS OF ANIMAL WASTE
TREATMENT ...... 41
6. CONCLUSIONS ...... 44
7. REFERENCES ...... 45
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1.Objectives
The main purpose of my project is the problem of animal waste management. It contain characteristic of all kind of the animal wastes, diffrent methods of their neutralization like also describe utilization products, new methods and problems connected with neutralization this kind of waste.
The main reason of collecting this subject is increasing problem related whith animal waste. I will try to describe all the methods of dealing whis this dengerous and complicated problem.
1.2. Utylisation functions and roles
The utylization of animal wastes is one of the best examples of recycling. The basic treatment of utilization is to quick and safe neutralizing the animals fallen and animal wastes in aspect of health protection of animals and habitat.
- Hygienic - It is this indispensable unit of fighting and prophylaxis of contagions the animals' as well as epidemiological working preventive. The main part of utylization process is elimination of nutriens during sterilisations, in this also the prions.
- Proecological - the protection of natural habitat before contagion the
pathogenic micro-organisms and contaminations
3. Economical - production high-grade, processed animal proteins used in animals' nourishment.
In countries of European Union is collecting about 15 milion tone of animal wates ( death animals and animal wastes coming from meat industry), which are safely processed in utylization institutions. The product of processing is the animal flour.
2. ANIMAL WASTE CLASIFICATION
Waste like: dead animal or fish, whole or parts thereof and products of animal origin that are not meant for direct human consumption, with the exception of animal excrement, kitchen waste and leftovers are divided into two categories: high-risk material (HRM) and low risk material (LRM). High-risk material is divided in high-risk material and specified risk material (SRM).
Figure 2.1. Animal waste classification
(LRM)Low risk material is animal waste that does not form serious risk of spreading diseases to man and animal. This matter can be processed in a recognised processing plant of low and high-risk material or in an institute that produces fodder for pets or a company that makes technical or pharmaceutical products; the latter group of companies need to be registered. The wastes of low risk are the products and animal wastes which do not make up threat of the men or animals' health)
- fresh wastes with fish caught on open sea coming from fish's processing for destination of fish flour ;
-animals waste coming from recognized animals for fit wastes to consumption;
-the skin, wool, fur of, feather, the horns of, hoof,, blood coming from from the serfs' the fit for slaughter animals the investigation cloven hooves, and also the fur animals' skin;
-the food not designed to consumption , but making up threats of the men's health
-gain over from healthy animals milk
The wastes of low risk should be processed in confirmed institutions: in temperature 133 ° C, under pressure of 3 bar by 20 minutes, and the size of fragmentation it can not be bigger then 5cm.
Exceptions are blood and her products, hydrolyze proteins, gelatine , milk and dairy products, mobs as well as fodder for carnivoras (home, fur animals, zoos, circuses) processing these goods can be to hold in different definite recipes conditions.Proteins received in result of processing can be used in animals' nourishment.
Into this kind of waste should be also numbered waste coming from cattle and small ruminants in age below 12 months. We should go out with foundation that since the cattle below 30 months is designed to consumption , also the wastes with cattle in this lid and younger they can be practical in nourishment of animals of species different than the ruminants. The barrier of age below 12 months should make up the collateral surety of safety.
(HRM)If it is suspected that the waste is a serious risk to the health of man and animal, it is considered to be high-risk material. High-risk material has to be treated and/or processed by a recognised processing plant. High-risk materials are the animals delay in this also the serfs animals the slaughter it in consumptive aim and dead in track of liquidation of zymotic disease, the embryos and animals still bears, play false in this after the slaughter wastes, coming from animals with the symptoms of dangerous contagion which were affirmed for men or animals, it studied the the fit for slaughter animals' parts, for except of skin, the hair of, fur, of feathers, horns of, wool and blood, the meat, crumble the, fish, the venison and different the products the food origins animal the defective quality, the fits for slaughter animals, the venison, the fish's, meat, dairy products brought from abroad which the quality does not it answer the Polish recipes, fish the demonstrative symptoms the clinical diseases moving on men or animals, mixture of wastes of low risk or their products from wastes or products of high risk, content of alimentary canal the ruminants, settlings from of institutions gain over sewage treatment plants or processing the wastes of high and low risk, materials and products including remainders in inadmissible quantities the recipes.
Processing the wastes of high risk can be hold in confirmed designed institutions to bring into cultivation the wastes of high risk exclusively. The conditions of processing should be the same how in case of wastes of low risk - temperature 133 ° C, pressure 3 bar, time 20 minutes, and the size of fragmentation it can not be bigger then 5cm.
Excaption in this case are cattle's delay above 12 month, sheep and goats' with first cutter. These animals' corpses we should treat as material of special risk.
(SRM)Specified risk material that is believed to be a serious risk to man and animal, even after heat treatment. This animal waste must be processed in a permitted waste-burning institute or first has to be heat treated in an authorised company and then processed in a processing plant permitted to burn waste products. The specified risk materials are exclusively combustioned. The wastes of special risk are: skull in this brain, eyes, tonsils, spinal cord, intestine hips - cattles; skull in this brain, eyes, sheep and goats spinal cord tonsils in age above 12 month or from first cutter; and also spleen all sheep and goats no mather on age; the meat mechanically gain over from os of skull , spine of the sheep and goats' cattle; ruminants' delay, laboratory and home animals from zoological gardens and circuses; the and products food animal wastes the including remainders and making up, threat of the men's health and / or the animals; the mixture of wastes or products including the wastes of special risk; settlings from sewage treatment plant, from gain over institutions and processing S RM.[1]
The wastes of special risk have to be processed in confirmed designed institutions to this end exclusively. The technical conditions have to be such how near processing the wastes of low risk; temperature 133 ° C, 3 bar, time 20 minutes, and the size of fragmentation it can not cross 5cm. Received meal and the direct to of combustion have to be brought by manufacturer mobs or to confirmed place storage.
The separate problem it is the mobs gain over in track the processing the animal wastes - coming from from of low risk including the ruminants' wastes fat, to possibly used in the animals' nourishment if the level of dirts does not it cross 0,15 % the general mass it - concerns then the usage of traditional method of utilization.
2.1.Distibution
We can distribute institutions processing wastes on
- Utilization institutions - processing wastes of high risk
- Processing institutions- it should be number on them: the utilization squads near meat institutions, the institutions processing the blood, sfeathers, bones so the wastes of low risk
Accepting such classification in Poland is 68 utilization institutions and 15 processing institutions in this: 8 squads near slaughter-houses and 7 institutions of processing the blood.
[2]2.2. Codes and symbols
Animal wastes were subordinated following codes and symbols.
Code number / Groups, subgroup and genera of wastes0202 / Wastes with preparation and processing of food products of animal origin
020201 / The wastes from wash and the preparation of materials
020202 / Waste animal tissue
020280 / Waste animal tissue demonstrative dangerous proprieties
020281 / The drops animal making up the material of special high risk tissue, in this the wastes with production of fodders different than exchanged in 020280
020282 / The wastes with production of fish flour different than exchanged in 020280
Figure 2.2.1 Codes and symbols of animal waste
- ANIMAL WASTE PRODUCTION
3.1.Waste chracteristic
This chapter describes all kind of animal wastes as well as place of their formation. The relationships between the activities downstream from the slaughterhouse are illustrated in a very simplified and general form in Figure 3.1.1. The final use or disposal route for many of the individual by-products of slaughter and of the treatment of waste water from slaughterhouses and animal by-products installations varies geographically and also from time to time. This depends on whether the by-products are considered, within food and veterinary legislation, to be fit for use as food for humans, pet food or animal feed; on economic factors and on local/national traditions and preferences. Local/national tradition is a significant factor with respect to, e.g. the choice between the use of landfill, incineration and biogas alternatives and it may be determined by local legislation.
Figure 3.1.1.: Relationships between slaughterhouses and downstream activities (summary)
3.1.1.Animal by-products
[3]The main source of animal waste production are slaughterhouses. As we can see we can distinguish following kinds of wastes: animal by-prducts (like bones, blood, intenstines), waste water and manure. Animal by-products from slaughterhouses are sometimes known in the industry as the ‘fifth quarter’. They include edible materials such as tongue, edible offal, edible fats and casings, as well as hides/skins and other non-food materials. In previous decades, these by-products provided a valuable source of slaughterhouse income. In recent years, especially because of BSE, the value of the fifth quarter materials has reduced substantially and much of the material previously used is now disposed of as waste.
The animal by-products industry handles all of the raw materials that are not directly destined for human consumption and some that are destined for eventual human consumption. After processing, the raw materials may have several applications, e.g. food and feed, cosmetics, medicinal products and medical devices, technical products, fertilisers and many others. Many of the animal by-products used and disposed of are derived from healthy animals which have been slaughtered in slaughterhouses and whose carcases have been found fit for human consumption following ante- and post-mortem inspection. Due to food and feed safety concerns an increased proportion of such animal by-products are disposed of as waste.
Hides and skins are sold to the leather industry. Edible offal and fats are sold for direct use or inclusion in processed products. Inedible offal and fats are usually processed to produce animal meal and tallow. Some edible fats and trimmings are processed to produce lard and dripping[4]. The first flush of blood, e.g. from pigs, may be collected, for use as food, animal feed or pharmaceuticals. Of the 47 million tonnes of animals slaughtered for meat production in Europe every year, 17 million tonnes, minus hides, skins and bones for gelatine production, are handled by the animal by-products industry. About 14 - 15 million tonnes [5]are processed by renderers and fat melters. As society becomes more affluent and eating habits change the proportion of an animal eaten directly is less than ever before. The amount of by-product available for processing is, therefore, increasing. [6]About half the tallow and animal fats produced are used by the oleochemical industries as raw materials for a wide variety of chemicals, which are then used in soaps, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, detergents
and a large range of industrial products, e.g. from paint to car tyres. Oils and fats produced by fat melters are used in the food industry, e.g. in baking and food processing; frying and margarine production.
3.1.2. Waste water and manure
[7]The next kind of animal wastes is the waste water.Bacteria and nitrates in animal wastes may contaminate drinking water and cause various human illnesses. Organic matter and nutrients in animal wastes also may be associated with other water quality problems, including fish kills, in lakes and streams. Animal wastes may be either point source pollutants (an easily identified source, such as a feedlot) or nonpoint source pollutants (not an easily identified source).Water quality suffers in several ways. Animal waste contains high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen. When poor management results surface runoff, it creates conditions favorable for the excessive growth of weeds, plankton and algae. Natural decomposition of these weeds and the animal wastes itself consumes large amounts of dissolved oxygen, thus making it difficult for fish and other aquatic life to survive. Bacteria, such as fecal coliform, and ammonia (a toxic form of nitrogen) are also associated with in raw waste. Both are harmful, and in extreme cases fatal, to animals and humans. Groundwater can also suffer when liquids from improperly stored manure leaches into groundwater supplies. High levels of bacteria and nitrates can end up in drinking water supplies and cause human health problems.
Figue 3.2.1.1.shows the regulation standards of discharged water closely related to animal wastewater. These criteria are governmental ones. Each prefecture can promulgate much stricter criteria depending on the local conditions, such as the presence of a national park, water catchment area, etc. Nitrogen and phosphorus were newly introduced in 1985 to cope with the eutrophication of lakes and sea. Limits until 2,000 for nitrogen and phosphorus contents in animal waste water are less than 140 mg/L (daily average 70 mg/L) and less than 34 mg/L (daily average 17 mg/L), respectively. In 1994, the concentration of substances with a trihalomethane forming potential (THMFP)10) which are the precursors of trihalomethanes considered as carcinogens was regulated in various catchment areas. The criteria for animal waste water range from 1.3 to 5.2 mg/L.
Manure is a source of several bacterial pathogens that can potentially contribute to surface and ground water contamination. Ther is hypothesized that manure could enhance bacteria survival, and manure particulates could compete for soil adsorption sites and serve as carriers. But some of scientist think that manure is not a waste product and has always been the original fertilizer. This schema shows appropriate manure management.
Figure 3.2.1.2. Manure managemant schema
Manure is a combination of feces and urine. The water content and Total Solids (TS) are given as a % of the total wet weight of the manure. The common carbon/nitrogen ratio of "excreted" manure is below 20:1. Solid manure from either feedlot or dairy source, when collected from open lots at regular intervals, usually contains 15-45% water. The effluents accounts for about 15% of the total solids, with the milking center producing about 50% of the waste volume (mostly water).
In an anaerobic lagoon (e.g., lagoons that receive a significant loading of manure, such as from the holding area or the cow yard, generally operate in an anaerobic mode) the organic nitrogen fraction is typically 20- 30% Total Nitrogen (note: organic nitrogen & ammonia generally are the only forms of N in anaerobic lagoons and waste storage ponds). Anaerobic dairy lagoon sludge accumulates at a rate of about 0.073 cf/lb. of total solids added to the lagoon. The quantity, quality, and consistency of manure varies with animal type, age, health, feed ration, waste storage, time, climate, and other environmental factors.
The effluent waste can be characterized as the following components: (1) Total Solids = Dry Matter (i.e., Dissolved Solids + Suspended Solids); (2) Volatile Solids = Organic Matter (about 6 times more volatile solids are produced than fixed solids); (3) fixed solids = mineral Ash (note: both dissolved and suspended solids contain volatile solids and fixed solids); and (4) Settleable Solids, e.g., sludge, which is that matter in waste water that will not stay in suspension during a preselected settling period, such as 1 hr. (a sedimentation tank is a unit in which wastewater containing settleable solids is retained to remove by gravity a part of the suspended solids).
Waste contains manure, bedding (e.g., straw), soil, and wasted feed (about 3% is common; feed consumed by animals is 50-90% digested). Soil or other inorganic materials commonly added to manure can result in a waste that has double the Fixed Solids content of "as excreted" dairy manure.
Manure is a valuable source of nitrogen and phosphorus and contains other nutrients essential for plant growth. The nutrient value of animal manure varies with the food eaten by the animal, the species and age of the animal, and its health and condition. The amount of useful nutrients found in common types of manure is shown in the table below. Manure can also increase the amount of organic matter in your soil and improve the tilth and water-holding capacity of your soil.[8]