Science 1101/Fall 2002 Name

Final Examination Be sure to put your name

Version B on the mark-sense sheet as well

Directions:

·  Be sure to put your name on the mark-sense sheet and on the exam booklet. Both must be turned in at the end of the period.

·  Indicate the correct version letter of your exam in the upper left corner of the mark-sense sheet in the box marked “KEY ID.”

·  Each question has only one correct answer. When a group of choices is used for more that one question, a choice may be used more than once.

·  You may write in the exam booklet, but only the mark-sense sheet will be graded. No other paper, scratch paper, etc., may be used.

·  Students must turn in the exam before leaving the room for any reason. A student may not continue working on the exam after having left the room.

Multiple Choice. 50 questions, 2 pt each.

For questions 1 – 11:

(a) Doppler shift

(b) Epicycles

(c) Background microwave radiation

(d) Field theory of electromagnetism

(e) Unified field theory

  1. This is the idea of early astronomers that the planets moved on small circles attached to larger circles that orbited a central body (either the earth or the sun).
  2. The color of a rapidly moving light source will appear more orange or red as the source moves away from an observer.
  3. This is a set of differential equations that specifically predicts the “lines of force” surrounding a magnet.
  4. This idea allowed early astronomers to accurately predict the motion of the planets.
  5. This concept explained the appearance of “retrograde motion” of the planets.
  6. These equations would be used to analyze the data from an experiment in which powdered iron is sprinkled around a magnet.
  7. This is a set of differential equations that combine two or more of the “fundamental” universal forces, such as electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.
  8. This is a faint trace of long-wavelength radiation observed between the stars in the universe and is believed to be a relic left over from the Big Bang.
  9. When the source of a wave phenomenon is moving relative to an observer, the waves will appear to get longer as the source moves away from the observer.
  10. Observations of this phenomenon in the “spectral signatures” of the stars in distant galaxies provide evidence for the expansion of the universe.
  11. The “theories of everything” and “grand unified theories” are examples of this type of model.

For questions 12 – 22:

(a) Kepler

(b) Galileo

(c) Copernicus

(d) Ptolemy

  1. He was the first astronomer to use epicycles to account for retrograde planetary motion.
  2. He was the first to observe the satellites (moons) of Jupiter, a major piece of evidence in favor of a heliocentric solar system.
  3. He was an assistant of Tycho Brahe.
  4. His model accurately predicted the motion of the planets, and was the basis of medieval astronomy/astrology (with periodic corrections) for some 1400 yrs.
  5. He developed a heliocentric model of the solar system with elliptical planetary orbits
  6. His model for the motion of the planets was based on the geocentric universe of Aristotle.
  7. He proposed a heliocentric model for the universe that kept the circular orbits and epicycles of earlier models.
  8. He was the first to view the phases of Venus, a major piece of evidence in favor of a heliocentric solar system.
  9. He wrote the Almagest around 100 AD.
  10. Through careful observation and measurement of the position of the planets, he was able to empirically derive a set of simple mathematical equations that would predict the positions of planets without the need for epicycles.
  11. His experiments (such as dropping two cannon balls of different sizes from a tower) called into question some ancient and medieval ideas about motion.

For questions 23 – 40:

(a) Newton

(b) Maxwell

(c) Einstein

(d) Hubble

  1. He developed a field theory of electromagnetism.
  2. His theory of gravitation is based on the concept of force at a distance.
  3. He developed the special theory of relativity.
  4. His models predict that, as an object approaches the speed of light, its size (length) will approach zero.
  5. His models predict that, as an object approaches the speed of light, its mass will approach infinity.
  6. He invented calculus.
  7. He developed a theory of gravity based on the curvature of space-time.
  8. He developed the general theory of relativity.
  9. His models predict that the passage of time slows down for rapidly moving objects when compared to a stationary observer.
  10. His theory of gravitation is given in the following statement: “Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directed along a line that connects the centers of the two objects. The force is proportional to the masses of the two objects and is inversely proportional to the squares of the distances between the two objects.”
  11. He demonstrated that Kepler’s laws could be derived from laws of motion and gravitation.
  12. He demonstrated that other galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way, suggesting that the universe is expanding.
  13. Certain anomalies in the orbit of Mercury can be explained by his theories.
  14. He demonstrated that many of the “nebulae” were, in fact, isolated clusters of thousands of stars (galaxies).
  15. His models predicted that mass and energy are equivalent.
  16. The bending of light rays by large gravitational sources is experimental evidence for his theories.
  17. He demonstrated that earlier “laws” of motion and gravity were, in fact, only approximations that did not account for the behavior of matter, space, and time at large velocities or in large gravitational fields.
  18. His models take into account earlier observations that the speed of light is constant, regardless of the perspective of the observer.

For questions 41 – 44:

(a) 10-34 sec after the Big Bang

(b) 1 sec after the Big Bang

(c) 300,000 years after the Big Bang

(d) 1 billion years after the Big Bang

  1. By this time, the universe had expanded and cooled (to about 4000°K) enough so that light could pass “through” empty space without bumping into matter.
  2. By this time, the universe had cooled to its present temperature of about 4°K, and the first galaxies were starting to form.
  3. During this time, the universe “inflated” (expanded) and was very “hot,” so energy and matter were indistinguishable (“quark soup”).
  4. By this time, the universe had expanded and cooled to the point that stable protons and neutrons could form.

For questions 45 – 47:

(a) Jupiter

(b) Pluto

(c) Venus

(d) Mercury

(e) Mars

  1. Observations of what appear to be water erosion channels have lead some astronomers to conclude that this planet once had running water on its surface.
  2. This is a “gas giant” planet, rich in hydrogen, with an extensive satellite and ring system.
  3. Thick clouds of sulfuric acid and a very high concentration of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere characterize this planet.

  1. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light can ionize (damage) several compounds within the cells. In particular, damage to one type of compound can causes genetic mutation and skin cancer in the skin cells. What is the compound?

(a) melanin

(b) vitamin D

(c) DNA

(d) stratospheric ozone

(e) ground-level ozone

For questions 49 – 50:

(a) O3 ® O + O2
O + O3 ® 2 O2

(b) O2 ® 2 O
O + O2 ® O3

  1. These reactions represent the “solar formation of ozone.”
  2. This occurs when radiation below 200 nm strikes molecular oxygen.

Science 1101 Page 1 Final Exam Version B