When a nerve impulse reaches the terminal end of a motor neuron, it intitiates muscle contraction, causing movement in the body.
1. What are the roles of the following components in movement in the body?
Nerves
Muscles
Bones
Joints
Tendons
Ligaments
2. In the space below, draw and label a simple diagram of a human elbow joint.
Include the radius, ulna, humerus, biceps and triceps. Label and state the functions of the joint capsule, synovial fluid and cartilage.
3. Outline how the biceps and triceps work antagonistically in ‘bend’ and ‘extend’ of the arm.
4. Compare these types of joints:
Elbow / Knee / Shoulder/ HipType of joint / hinge
Range of movement / Hinge movement with some pivoting possible
5. Label this section of a striated muscle cell with the names and functions of each structure.
6. Which part of the muscle cell is depolarized when an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction?
7. Why are there so many mitochondria in a muscle cell?
8. The electron micrograph below shows a section of a myofibril.
a. Label the dark and light bands and z-lines.
b. How many full sarcomeres are shown in this image?
c. Draw a simple diagram of the corresponding sarcomeres, showing the actin and myosin fibres (with myosin heads)
9. Annotate the diagrams below to show how muscle contraction occurs in a sarcomere.
Include the roles of sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+, actin binding sites, cross bridges, myosin heads, ATP.
10. Compare these two electron micrographs of a skeletal muscle sarcomere.
Contracted or relaxed?Sarcomere length / Shorter
Z-bands / Closer
H-bands / No change
Light bands
Dark bands / No change
11. What can be deduced from this in terms of relative roles of actin and myosin fibres?
12. Draw and label the female reproductive system, including:
Vagina, cervix, uterus, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries. Include also the bladder and urethra.
Annotate the diagram with the function of each part.
13. Zoom into the ovary. What is the function of each of these labelled parts?
14. Outline the process of
oogenesis.
Include the roles of mitosis, cell growth, meiosis, unequal division of cytoplasm and polar bodies.
15. A typical menstrual cycle lasts around 28 days and is controlled by hormones.
Name the origin and state the main functions of these hormones:
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Oestrogen
Progesterone
16. The chart shows hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
Describe the events occurring at:
1-4 days
5-14 days
14-28 days
17. During which days of the cycle is a woman:
a. Most likely to conceive?
b. Least likely to conceive?
18. Draw and label diagrams of a mature sperm and a mature egg.
Include a scale bar with an estimate of size.
19. Draw and label the male reproductive system, including:
Testis, epididymis, sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra, penis and bladder.
Annotate the diagram with the function of each part.
20. What are three functions of testosterone in males?
21. Zoom into the testis. Draw a tissue plan diagram of the testis based on this light
micrograph. Include the functions of the labelled parts.
22. What are the roles of FSH and LH in spermatogenesis?
23. Draw a flow chart (like the oogenesis one above) to show the process of
spermatogenesis. Include mitosis, cell growth, meiosis and differentiation.
24. Oultine the roles of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland in the production
of semen.
25. Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Spermatogenesis / OogenesisNumber of gametes produced per primary cell
Formation of gametes / Constant after puberty
Number of meiotic divisions
Method of release of gametes / Ovulation, controlled by LH
Number of gametes released / Millions
Hormones used
Location
26. Distinguish between fertilisation and pregnancy.
27. Fertilisation of an egg occurs in three basic stages. Describe them.
Acrosome reaction
Penetration of egg
Cortical reaction
28. How does this process prevent multiple fertilisations of the same egg?
29. Which type of cell division follows fertilisation and allows development of the
blastocyst?
30. During what time periods do we see these stages of development?
Zygote morula blastocyst embryo fetus birth
31. If a fertilised egg implants onto the endometrium, a hormone called HCG is released.
This causes progesterone levels to remain high, inhibiting FSH and LH.
a. Where is HCG produced? (choose one)
Pituitary placenta ovary embryo
b. What are two benefits of maintaining high progesterone levels during pregnancy?
c. What immune system molecule is used to detect HCG in pregnancy test kits?
Consider the diagram below.
32. What is the role of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid?
33. Which hormones are released by the placenta?
34. Which materials are exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood?
35. How does the structure of the placenta aid in its function of supporting the developing
fetus?
Umbilical cord
Villi
Blood supply
Membrane
36. Another hormone, oxytocin, is essential in childbirth.
a. What is its role?
b. In what way is the action of oxytocin different to other forms of hormonal control?
c. What happens to progesterone levels in childbirth?
37. Outline the process of childbirth, beginning with engagement of the fetal head in the
cervix and ending with the ‘afterbirth’ of the placenta.
38. IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) is a reproductive technology that allows those with reproductive problems to conceive and have a normal pregnancy.
Annotate the diagram below with steps of IVF.
39. Discuss the ethical implications of IVF.
Consider human rights, morality and religion, safety, cost, psychological effects, effects on others, economic cost, research and other points of view you feel are appropriate.
Arguments for IVF: Arguments against IVF: