Foliage Chemistry and the Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae on Broad-Leaved Trees in Southern

R. E. Ricklefs

Foliage chemistry and the distribution of Lepidoptera larvae on broad-leaved trees in southern Ontario

Supplementary Materials

TableS1. Incidences of lepidopteran larvae on broad-leaved trees in southern Ontario, including an analysis of nestedness

TableS2. Species of Lepidoptera included in the canonical analysis principal coordinates of the incidence of larvae on trees

Table S3. Monophagous species of Lepidoptera

Table S4. Principal coordinates scores of tree species calculated from the ordination based on the distribution of Lepidoptera species

Table S5. Scores of each tree species on the first four constrained principal coordinates axes. Collection statistics and species richness are also provided

Fig.S1. Relationship between observed and predicted values for species of trees on the first two constrained ordination axes (Con1 and Con2)

TableS1. Incidences of lepidopteran larvae on broad-leaved trees in southern Ontario. Values are 100√(number of individuals/ species maximum), range 1-100 (maximum value). Only species of trees with more than one herbivore species and species of moths recovered from more than one tree species are recorded.See Table S2 for species of Lepidoptera corresponding to each CFIS number. Tree species:

A = Acer negundo, B = A. rubrum, C = A. saccharum, D = Alnus rugosa, E = Betula papyrifera, F = Carya cordiformis, G = C. ovata, H = Fagus grandifolia, I = Fraxinus americana, J = F. nigra, K = Juglans nigra, L = Populus balsamifera, M = P. grandidentata, N = P. tremuloides, O = Prunus pennsylvanica, P = P. serotina, Q = P. virginiana, R = Quercus alba, S = Q. rubra, T = Q. macrocarpa, U = Tilia americana, V = Ulmus americana, W = U. thomasii

Species of moth / Species of tree / Individuals
A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O / P / Q / R / S / T / U / V / W / Hosts / Max / Total
061301 / 45 / 35 / 14 / 9 / 35 / 46 / 12 / 10 / 24 / 40 / 16 / 39 / 5 / 28 / 12 / 100 / 13 / 17 / 3040 / 6778
170301 / 43 / 13 / 52 / 19 / 17 / 8 / 8 / 13 / 100 / 83 / 65 / 11 / 165 / 440
173501 / 68 / 43 / 31 / 100 / 40 / 5 / 32 / 61
174001 / 34 / 38 / 62 / 10 / 18 / 18 / 10 / 18 / 21 / 100 / 78 / 25 / 12 / 95 / 236
178301 / 24 / 17 / 100 / 33 / 4 / 29 / 36
178801 / 25 / 43 / 25 / 25 / 43 / 100 / 35 / 56 / 8 / 16 / 32
200208 / 100 / 100 / 2 / 112 / 222
200209 / 97 / 23 / 100 / 3 / 113 / 226
200218 / 79 / 100 / 2 / 37 / 60
270201 / 8 / 44 / 16 / 100 / 4 / 1129 / 1385
270202 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 3 / 3 / 100 / 11 / 6 / 13 / 2 / 10 / 3848 / 4020
330202 / 32 / 48 / 100 / 3 / 181 / 242
330203 / 27 / 38 / 100 / 3 / 205 / 250
331601 / 46 / 28 / 73 / 100 / 4 / 37 / 68
350601 / 28 / 21 / 100 / 3 / 189 / 212
360704 / 68 / 100 / 2 / 26 / 38
370801 / 100 / 50 / 2 / 48 / 60
370817 / 49 / 22 / 100 / 3 / 62 / 80
406304 / 100 / 94 / 2 / 18 / 34
408501 / 24 / 69 / 34 / 49 / 42 / 100 / 42 / 7 / 17 / 38
473502 / 85 / 47 / 100 / 29 / 91 / 47 / 6 / 36 / 103
473503 / 35 / 46 / 100 / 3 / 33 / 44
540405 / 17 / 45 / 100 / 9 / 4 / 921 / 1145
540806 / 53 / 41 / 100 / 47 / 24 / 88 / 24 / 24 / 41 / 24 / 24 / 82 / 41 / 13 / 18 / 67
Number / 5 / 5 / 7 / 3 / 12 / 4 / 3 / 3 / 2 / 4 / 3 / 4 / 3 / 10 / 5 / 3 / 5 / 11 / 8 / 3 / 11 / 13 / 6 / 133 / 15877
Trees / A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O / P / Q / R / S / T / U / V / W

Each of the species of moth in the Incidence Matrix has one host record (two in the case of CFIS 200208) scored as the maximum value of 100. The 108 other host records were primarily less than 25% of the maximum (100×0.25 = 50, n = 89, or 82%), which indicates considerable heterogeneity in abundance across host trees for any particular species of moth. Of five cases where a species was obtained from only two hosts, the secondary hosts of all of these species had samples exceeding 25% of the maximum. In the six species obtained from three hosts, only one of 12 scaled abundances on secondary hosts exceeded 25% of the maximum. In moth species distributed on only 2 or 3 host tree species, secondary hosts supporting relatively high populations of the herbivore belonged to the same genus of tree (for example, Cameraria aceriella on Acer rubrum and A. saccharum; Psilocorsis quercicella on Quercus alba and Q. rubra).

Incidence matrix values were converted to (0,1) (absent, present) and analyzed with Atmar and Patterson’s (1993) nestedness calculator. The calculated temperature of the distribution was 35.4, P = 0.0017. Thus, the presence-absence matrix exhibits significant nestedness, indicating that less-widely distributed Lepidoptera tend to feed on species of tree that are also fed on by other, more generalized Lepidoptera.

TableS2. Species of Lepidoptera included in the principal coordinates analysis of the incidence of larvae on trees (see Table 2). All these species feed on two or more species of tree. The three pairs of digits in the CFIS number refer to family, genus, and species. Feeding types defined by McGugan (1958); generalist refers to feeding on more than one family of host plants; taxonomy updated according to Hodges et al (1983).

CFIS
Number / Family
Genus and species / Type / Food plants
Arctiidae
061301 / Hyphantria cunea Dru. / CW / Generalist
Geometridae
170301 / Alsophila pometaria Harr. / SD / Generalist
173501 / Ennomos subsignaria Hbn. / SD / Generalist
174001 / Erannis tiliaria Harr. / SD / Generalist
178301 / Paleacrita vernata Peck / SD / Generalist
178801 / Phigalia titea Cram. / SD / Generalist
Gracillariidae
200208 / Cameraria aceriella Clem. / LM / Acer
200209 / Cameraria hamadryadella Clem. / LM / Quercus
200218 / Cameraria caryaefoliella Clem. / LM / Carya
Lasiocampidae
270201 / Malacosoma americanum F. / CT / Prunus
270202 / Malacosoma disstria Hbn. / CD / Generalist
Notodontidae
330202 / Datana integerrima G. and R. / CD / Juglandaceae
330203 / Datana ministra Dru. / CD / Generalist
332601 / Schizura concinna J. E. Smith / CD / Generalist
Nymphalidae
350601 / Nymphalis antiopa L. / CD / Generalist
Oecophoridae
360704 / Psilocorsis quercicella Clem. / SR / Quercus
Tortricidae (part)
370801 / Epinotia aceriella Clem. / SR / Generalist
370817 / Epinotia solandriana L. / SR / Generalist
Noctuidae
406304 / Lithophane bethunei G. and R. / SD / Generalist
408501 / Orthosia hibisci Gn. / SD / Generalist
Pyralidae
473502 / Tetralopha asperatella Clem. / CD / Generalist
473503 / Tetralopha expandens Wlk. / CW / Quercus
Tortricidae (concluded)
540405 / Archips cerasivorana Fitch / CW / Generalist
540806 / Choristoneura rosaceana Harr. / SR / Generalist

Table S3. Monophagous species of Lepidoptera (represented by 10 or more specimens from a single species of tree).The three pairs of digits in the CFIS number refer to family, genus, and species. Families are: 06 = Arctiidae; 09 = Coleophoridae; 16 = Gelichiidae; 20 = Gracillariidae; 25 = Incurvariidae; 31 = Lyonetiidae; 33 = Notodontidae; 36 = Oecophoridae; 37 = Tortricidae; 47 = Pyralidae; 55 = Yponomeutidae; 62 = Tischeriidae. Feeding types defined by McGugan (1958): CD = colonial defoliator, CT = colonial tentmaker, CW = colonial webmaker, LM = leaf miner, SD = solitary defoliator, SR = solitary leaf roller. Taxonomy updated according to Hodges et al (1983).

CFIS No. / Genus and species / Type / Host tree species
061102 / Lophocampa caryae Harr. / CD / Tilia americana
090112 / Coleophora ulmifoliella McD. / SD / Ulmus americana
090114 / Coleophora comptoniella McD. / SD / Betula papyrifera
160309 / Chionodes obcurusella Cham. / LR / Acer negundo
200111 / Caloptilia fraxinella Ely / LM / Fraxinus americana
200206 / Phyllonorycter salicifoliella Cham. / LM / Populus tremuloides
200210 / Phyllonorycter lucetiella Clem. / LM / Tilia americana
200231 / Phyllonorycter ontario Freeman / LM / Populus tremuloides
250101 / Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch / LM / Acer saccharum
310202 / Bucculatrix ainsliella Murt. / SD / Quercus rubra
330204 / Datana contracta Wlk. / CD / Quercus macrocarpa
360702 / Psilocorsis cryptolechiella (Cham.) / SR / Fagus grandifolia
360703 / Psilocorsis reflexella Clem. / SR / Populus tremuloides
370812 / Epinotia criddleana Kft. / SR / Populus tremuloides
470101 / Acrobasis betulella Hlst. / SD / Betula papyrifera
470111 / Acrobasis stigmella Dyar / SD / Carya cordiformis
550103 / Argyresthia pygmaeella Hbn. / LM / Fraxinus nigra
620103 / Tischeria citrinipennella Clem. / LM / Quercus rubra

Table S4. Principal coordinates scores of tree species calculated from the ordination based on the distribution of Lepidoptera species.

Code / Order / Family / Genus / Species / Sample / PC1 / PC2 / PC3 / PC4 / PC5 / PC6
A / Sapindales / Sapindaceae / Acer / negundo / 1 / -0.058 / -0.008 / -0.334 / 0.271 / 0.259 / 0.035
B / Sapindales / Sapindaceae / Acer / rubrum / 2 / -0.196 / -0.020 / -0.224 / -0.052 / -0.384 / -0.450
C / Sapindales / Sapindaceae / Acer / saccharum / 3 / -0.333 / 0.029 / 0.110 / 0.046 / -0.135 / -0.239
D / Fagales / Betulaceae / Alnus / rugosa / 4 / 0.249 / 0.309 / 0.023 / -0.072 / -0.097 / 0.042
E / Fagales / Betulaceae / Betula / papyrifera / 5 / -0.343 / 0.123 / -0.071 / -0.198 / -0.084 / 0.171
F / Fagales / Juglandaceae / Carya / cordiformis / 6 / 0.261 / -0.521 / -0.014 / -0.123 / 0.040 / -0.007
G / Fagales / Juglandaceae / Carya / ovata / 7 / 0.287 / -0.575 / 0.014 / -0.160 / -0.104 / 0.017
H / Fagales / Fagaceae / Fagus / grandifolia / 8 / -0.233 / -0.152 / -0.113 / -0.036 / 0.502 / -0.041
I / Lamiales / Oleaceae / Fraxinus / americana / 9 / 0.317 / 0.037 / -0.189 / 0.376 / -0.018 / -0.032
J / Lamiales / Oleaceae / Fraxinus / nigra / 10 / 0.356 / 0.082 / -0.165 / 0.373 / 0.002 / 0.025
K / Fagales / Juglandaceae / Juglans / nigra / 11 / 0.243 / -0.417 / -0.025 / -0.152 / -0.141 / 0.143
L / Malpighiales / Salicaceae / Populus / balsamifera / 12 / 0.188 / 0.203 / 0.192 / -0.250 / 0.048 / -0.075
M / Malpighiales / Salicaceae / Populus / grandidentata / 13 / -0.031 / 0.107 / 0.207 / -0.289 / 0.389 / -0.207
N / Malpighiales / Salicaceae / Populus / tremuloides / 14 / -0.074 / 0.170 / -0.083 / -0.273 / -0.043 / 0.282
O / Rosales / Rosaceae / Prunus / pensylvanica / 15 / 0.314 / 0.313 / 0.024 / 0.030 / -0.085 / 0.044
P / Rosales / Rosaceae / Prunus / werotina / 16 / 0.331 / 0.183 / 0.192 / -0.087 / 0.109 / -0.153
Q / Rosales / Rosaceae / Prunus / virginiana / 17 / 0.277 / 0.261 / 0.082 / 0.032 / -0.023 / 0.058
R / Fagales / Fagaceae / Quercus / alba / 18 / -0.362 / -0.068 / 0.328 / 0.192 / 0.018 / 0.125
S / Fagales / Fagaceae / Quercus / rubra / 19 / -0.114 / -0.002 / 0.366 / 0.203 / 0.042 / 0.026
T / Fagales / Fagaceae / Quercus / macrocarpa / 20 / -0.283 / -0.187 / 0.475 / 0.283 / -0.168 / 0.054
U / Malvales / Malvaceae / Tilia / americana / 21 / -0.299 / 0.129 / -0.155 / -0.080 / -0.085 / 0.169
V / Rosales / Ulmaceae / Ulmus / americana / 22 / -0.220 / 0.097 / -0.278 / -0.123 / -0.192 / 0.050
W / Rosales / Ulmaceae / Ulmus / thomasii / 23 / -0.275 / -0.092 / -0.362 / 0.090 / 0.151 / -0.037

Table S5. Scores of each tree species on the first four constrained principal coordinates axes. Collection statistics and species richness are also provided. Colls = number of collections; Inds = number of individuals; Rel = residual from regression of log10(number of species) on log10(number of individuals); Total = total number of Lepidoptera species recorded from tree species; Res = number of species excluding those collected from only a single species of tree or represented by <20 in the entire sample.

Constrained PCO axis scores / Inds/
Coll / Species richness
Code / Order / Family / Genus / Species / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / Colls / Inds / Relative / Total / Res
A / Sapindales / Sapindaceae / Acer / negundo / -0.348 / -0.111 / 0.157 / -0.052 / 16 / 963 / 60.2 / -0.080 / 9 / 6
B / Sapindales / Sapindaceae / Acer / rubrum / -0.091 / 0.132 / 0.148 / -0.069 / 14 / 179 / 12.8 / -0.090 / 11 / 6
C / Sapindales / Sapindaceae / Acer / saccharum / -0.064 / 0.159 / 0.023 / 0.157 / 130 / 1260 / 9.7 / -0.060 / 23 / 8
D / Fagales / Betulaceae / Alnus / rugosa / 0.236 / -0.202 / 0.088 / 0.015 / 16 / 605 / 37.8 / 0.020 / 11 / 3
E / Fagales / Betulaceae / Betula / papyrifera / 0.095 / 0.246 / 0.178 / 0.035 / 48 / 302 / 6.3 / 0.230 / 35 / 14
F / Fagales / Juglandaceae / Carya / cordiformis / -0.039 / 0.079 / -0.282 / -0.263 / 10 / 127 / 12.7 / 0.160 / 10 / 5
G / Fagales / Juglandaceae / Carya / ovata / -0.013 / 0.101 / -0.324 / -0.285 / 5 / 104 / 20.8 / -0.110 / 3 / 3
H / Fagales / Fagaceae / Fagus / grandifolia / -0.122 / 0.192 / 0.035 / -0.045 / 6 / 45 / 7.5 / -0.020 / 6 / 4
I / Lamiales / Oleaceae / Fraxinus / americana / -0.275 / -0.380 / 0.021 / -0.041 / 15 / 803 / 53.5 / 0.010 / 13 / 3
J / Lamiales / Oleaceae / Fraxinus / nigra / -0.239 / -0.414 / 0.022 / -0.028 / 16 / 732 / 45.8 / -0.090 / 8 / 5
K / Fagales / Juglandaceae / Juglans / nigra / 0.015 / 0.070 / -0.221 / -0.242 / . / . / . / -0.040 / . / 3
L / Malpighiales / Salicaceae / Populus / balsamifera / 0.383 / -0.040 / -0.022 / 0.020 / 6 / 53 / 8.8 / -0.070 / 5 / 4
M / Malpighiales / Salicaceae / Populus / grandidentata / 0.333 / 0.133 / -0.027 / 0.043 / 10 / 48 / 4.8 / -0.050 / 9 / 3
N / Malpighiales / Salicaceae / Populus / tremuloides / 0.231 / 0.117 / 0.156 / -0.049 / 97 / 4618 / 47.6 / 0.120 / 37 / 13
O / Rosales / Rosaceae / Prunus / pensylvanica / 0.173 / -0.288 / 0.069 / 0.030 / 37 / 1464 / 39.6 / -0.170 / 10 / 6
P / Rosales / Rosaceae / Prunus / serotina / 0.280 / -0.193 / -0.072 / 0.026 / 6 / 109 / 18.2 / -0.190 / 4 / 3
Q / Rosales / Rosaceae / Prunus / virginiana / 0.164 / -0.249 / 0.022 / 0.050 / 112 / 4098 / 36.6 / -0.150 / 17 / 5
R / Fagales / Fagaceae / Quercus / alba / -0.144 / 0.143 / -0.138 / 0.275 / 30 / 314 / 10.5 / 0.040 / 19 / 11
S / Fagales / Fagaceae / Quercus / rubra / -0.058 / -0.020 / -0.177 / 0.250 / 25 / 546 / 21.8 / 0.250 / 29 / 10
T / Fagales / Fagaceae / Quercus / macrocarpa / -0.189 / 0.099 / -0.290 / 0.311 / 14 / 359 / 25.6 / 0.150 / 9 / 4
U / Malvales / Malvaceae / Tilia / americana / -0.015 / 0.159 / 0.205 / 0.023 / 77 / 850 / 11.0 / 0.190 / 38 / 13
V / Rosales / Ulmaceae / Ulmus / americana / -0.017 / 0.141 / 0.240 / -0.074 / 206 / 5409 / 26.3 / 0.070 / 42 / 13
W / Rosales / Ulmaceae / Ulmus / thomasii / -0.297 / 0.124 / 0.189 / -0.087 / 3 / 149 / 49.7 / 0.160 / 8 / 6

Fig. S1. Relationship between observed and predicted values for species of trees on the first two constrained ordination axes (Con1 and Con2). Predicted values are from the stepwise regression of Con1 and Con2 on the original foliage trait variables. Tree species are A = Acer negundo, B = A. rubrum, C = A. saccharum, D = Alnus rugosa, E = Betula papyrifera, F = Carya cordiformis, G = C. ovata, H = Fagus grandifolia, I = Fraxinus americana, J = F. nigra, K = Juglans nigra, L = Populus balsamifera, M = P. grandidentata, N = P. tremuloides, O = Prunus pennsylvanica, P = P. serotina, Q = P. virginiana, R = Quercus alba, S = Q. rubra, T = Q. macrocarpa, U = Tilia americana, V = Ulmus americana, W = U. thomasii

References

Atmar W, Patterson BD (1993) The measure of order and disorder in the distribution of species in fragmented habitat. Oecologia 96:373-382

Hodges RW et al. (eds.) Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey, Ltd., London

McGugan BM (1958) Forest Lepidoptera of Canada Recorded by the Forest Insect Survey. Forest Biology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture