Format Guide for Linguistics Theses at UND[jmc1]:
Subtitle (If you have one)
by
John M Clifton
Prev Deg, Place, Date
A Thesis
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of the
University of North Dakota
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Arts
Grand Forks, North Dakota
May/August/December
Year
© 2011 John M Clifton[jmc2]
This thesis, submitted by John M Cliftonin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved.
______
TYPED NAME, Chair[jmc3]
______
TYPED NAME
______
TYPED NAME
This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved.
______
Wayne Swisher,
Dean of the Graduate School
______
Date
PERMISSION
TitleFormat Guide for Linguistics Theses at UND
DepartmentLinguistics
DegreeMaster of Arts
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis.
Signature______
Date______
TABLE OF CONTENTS[jmc4]
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER
1Introduction
2General text styles
2.1Regular text
2.2Character styles
2.3Character and font issues
2.3.1Font
2.3.2Character encoding
2.3.3Type size and line spacing
2.3.4Highlighting: bold, italic, underline, and color
2.4Section headings
2.5Lists
2.5.1Built-in List Styles
2.5.2List Item styles
2.6Numbered items other than lists
2.6.1Main series of numbered examples
2.6.2Other numbered items
2.7Tables
2.7.1General guidelines for formatting tables
2.7.2Interlinear text tables
2.7.3Data tables
2.7.4Segment inventory tables
2.7.5List tables
2.7.6Wordlist tables
2.7.7Lexical similarity chart tables
2.8Figures, Diagrams and Maps
2.9Bibliographic references
3Document part specific styles
3.1Front Matter
3.2Body
3.3Back Matter
APPENDICES
References
[jmc5]
LIST OF FIGURES
FigurePage
LIST OF TABLES
TablePage
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This is where you should especially thank the members of your committee. You will probably also have other people to acknowledge as having played a role.
ABBREVIATIO[jmc6]NS
1
Trm1Meaning1
Trm2Meaning2
1
ABSTRACT
The abstract should be a succinct summary of the thesis in three parts: a presentation of the problem, account of the research and methods used, and the conclusions of the research. It must be limited to two pages. In an average abstract, there will be about 70 characters per line with a maximum of 35 lines.
1
Chapter 1Introduction
This document[1]is a guide for standardizing the appearance of theses in the linguistics program at UND, noting especially some modifications to the standard UND style manual based on special requirements of the discipline as well as the reasons for these changes. UND’s style manual (graduateschool.und.edu/_files/docs/style-guide.pdf) should be followed except as noted here.
There may be legitimate reasons for departing from the guidelines presented here. In matters that are covered by UND’s style manual, the graduate school will need to be consulted. In other matters, decisions about format are ultimately the responsibility of the student’s advisor and committee in consultation with the student.
This guide models the formatting as well as describing it, as if this document was a thesis. It concentrates on what the results should be, rather than the means to achieve them, although some suggestions on how to achieve the specified results are included.Details on how to achieve these results differ according to the version of Word or OpenOffice you are using. There should be a separate guide with these specific instructions.
This is a template document (.dot). When you open it, the resulting file will be saved as a working document (.doc or .odt) by default. That means that changes made to the working document will not affect this document. Because of that, you can continue to use this document as a guide for how to format your thesis.
Chapter 2General text styles
These styles can be used in all parts of a document.
2.1Regular text
Body Text style should be used for most text in a document. Paragraphs are indented,and line spacing is set at Multiple 1.4. (See section 2.3.3 for details.) When a figure or table occurs inside a paragraph, the Body Text Cont style is used for the part of the paragraph that follows the figure or table. The continued paragraph is not indented.
Body Text Lead-in shouldbe used for partial sentences that need to be kept with the following text.
Block Text style should be used for extended quotations.
Do not use other Body text styles, such as Body Text Indent and Body Text 2. These are Word built-in styles.
2.2Character styles
Examples of language data in running text should be in italic or bold, and glosses enclosed in single quotes, thus: “The form aktipa ‘rutabaga’…” or “The form aktipa‘rutabaga’…”. Italic is more commonly-used than bold, but some italic fonts obscure differences between letters. In this template, the character style Vernacular should be used to format vernacular examples. This will italicize them, and will ensure that they are not subjected to the spell check feature.This style can be modified so that vernacular forms appear as bold instead of italic.
Phonetic or phonemic transcriptions should be formatted using the character style IPA, for example, /iamagauriai/[ja.ma.gau̯.ri.ai̯] ‘to jump’. This will ensure they are not subjected to the spell check feature, and will allow you to search for them. This is especially helpful if you later decide to change the representation of one of the phones or phonemes.
All bibliographic entries in the References section should be formatted with the paragraph style Bib List Item. Book and journal titles within entries should be formatted with the character style Book Title as shown in the following examples.
Krauss, Michael. 1992. The world’s languages in crisis. Language 68:4–10.
Radloff, Carla F. 1991. Sentence repetition testing for studies of community bilingualism.Dallas: SIL International and Univ. of Texas at Arlington.
2.3Character and font issues
2.3.1Font
The default font for this template is Charis SIL. If you wish to change this, another proportional serifed font such as Times New Roman or Doulos SIL should normally be used, rather than a sans-serif font such as Arial, Helvetica, or Sophia. This is especially important for readability when non-English language data is included. It should never be necessary to use fixed-width fonts to maintain vertical alignment. Instead, use tabs or tables to align columns. See section 2.7.2 for suggestions on formatting interlinear glossed text.
Standard UND guidelines require the same font to be used throughout, with minor exceptions. In some cases, however, it may be necessary in linguistic writing to use one font for language data and another for the rest of the text. This should be done by changing the font of the relevant character style, and using the style consistently. Most commonly, this can be done by changing the font of the character style Vernacular. Do not mix fonts within words; format the entire word with the relevant character style.
2.3.2Character encoding
Character encoding refers to the systems used to represent characters by numbers inside the computer. In non-technical terms, it refers to what characters are available in a font and where they are located within the font. As electronic versions of theses become increasingly important, long-term usability of the electronic versions must be considered, and this means paying attention to issues such as character encoding. Use of a custom-encoded font (such as many fonts that were prepared in the past for a specific language or writing system) will most likely result in electronic copies of a thesis becoming unreadable as the software necessary to read it drops out of use.
The long-term solution to this problem is to use only Unicode-compliant fonts. Unicode-compliant fonts are available for most orthographic traditions.[2]Students must use such fonts when they are available. Non-Unicode-compliant fonts are still permissible, however, for orthographies for which Unicode standards have not yet been developed.If you must use a custom-encoded font, there are two problems to watch out for:
The font must be distributed along with the original document file(s).[3] This means that any fonts you use must be freely-distributable.[4]
Some non-standard fonts do not embed properly in PDF files, which is the file format the we are currently using for publishing theses on the web. In particular, if you use bold, italic, or bold italic with a custom font, you need a separate bold, italic, or bold italic variation of that font installed on your system. Please test all fonts for compatibility with PDF format long before the thesis is completed.
2.3.3Type size and line spacing
UND allows point sizes of 10–12 points, with a preference for 12 points. This document uses 11-point type.If you decide to use a font other than Charis SIL, be aware that some fonts may look larger or smaller at a given nominal point size than other fonts. Choose a point size for your font that is visually the same size as Charis SIL or Times New Roman. Make sure it is large enough that all members of your committee can read it easily in printouts or PDF files, especially all language data and special symbols.
UND guidelines call for “double spacing,” with occasional use of “single spacing.” Some fonts, however, produce excessively wide line spacing when the paragraph is formatted for “double space” or “single space.” Charis SIL is one of these fonts. For this document,the line spacing is set for Multiple 1.4 for double-spacing and 0.7 for single-spacing, since that produces a result that matches double/single spacing for Times New Roman.[5] If you decide to switch to Times New Roman, you need to change the line spacing to double and single spacing as appropriate.
2.3.4Highlighting: bold, italic, underline, and color
Either bold or italic may be used for highlighting. If bold is used in a style, it must be dark enough to be clearly distinguishable from regular text. If italic is used, all letters must be clearly distinguishable from each other, especially for language data.
Underlining should be avoided. If used, choose a font that has the underline positioned low enough that it does not obscure the descenders of the letters (especially important for language data).
In electronic copies of the thesis, color may be used on text to reinforce certain types of highlighting or punctuation, but never as the only characteristic distinguishing the colored words from the surrounding text. Avoid using color in ways that make the appearance gaudy. In printed copies, follow UND guidelines with regard to color. If color is used in figures such as maps or graphs, make sure that any necessary contrasts are still clear when the figure is printed in black and white.
2.4Section headings
Because of the complexity of the structure of linguistic writing, it is important to make the sectional structure of a chapter obvious to the reader. This should be done in the following ways:
Two levels of section headings within chapters (i.e. sections and subsections) are common and normal. More may be used, but use them with discretion because a complex outline can confuse a reader. Ask your advisor for guidance if you feel it is necessary to use more than two levels of section headings within chapters.
In this document, Heading 1 is used for chapter titles. It should be preceded by a page break. Heading 2 and Heading 3 would be the normal two levels within chapters. If necessary, Heading 4 and Heading 5 can be used for additional levels within chapters.
In most cases, sections and subsections should be outline numbered with Arabic numerals. (Normal UND style leaves them unnumbered.) Since chapter numbers are normally included in section numbers, chapters too should use Arabic numerals. (Normal UND practice is to use Roman numerals for chapters.)
All section and subsection headings should be left-aligned, not centered, so that the section number is easy to find on the page. (Normal UND style is for them to be centered.)
Section headings should be boldfaced, 1–2 points larger than normal text, and preceded by ½–1 line of extra line spacing. (Normal UND style formats them as ordinary text.)
The first level of subsection headings (Heading 3 in this template) should be italic and the same type size as section headings, but with less extra line spacing. If second and third levels of subsection headings (Headings 4 and 5 in this template) are used, they should be neither italic nor bold.
Either style of capitalization on headings is acceptable (either all major words capitalized, or only proper names and first words), as long as it is consistent throughout the thesis. It is also acceptable to capitalize all major words on higher levels (for example, Heading 2) but only proper names and first words on lower levels. Again, the important issue is to be consistent.
In the table of contents, numbering and capitalization should match what is done on section headings in the body of the thesis. This can be done most easily if the table of contents is automatically generated.
2.5Lists
A number of list styles are in the template. Many of them are built-in List styles, but they have been modified from their defaults.
2.5.1Built-in List Styles
The List, List Bullet, and List Numberparagraph styles are formatted so they will be kept with the next paragraph. The last item in any such list needs to be followed by a paragraph formatted as ‘List Separator’ so that a page break can occur. It is very difficult to see this paragraph, but when you move your cursor down line-by-line, it will disappear at the list separator paragraph, and then reappear at the next line. There is more information about the List Separator style in section 2.5.1.5.
2.5.1.1List bullet
List bullets are used when the items do not need to be numbered.
Optional List Heading
- List Bullet
- List Bullet2
- List Bullet 3
- List Bullet4
- List Bullet 5
2.5.1.2List Number
List Number lists are for Arabic numbered lists. Use them when the order of the items is important, such asfor the series of steps in a procedure.
- List Number
- List Number2
- List Number 3
- List Number 3
- List Number 4
- List Number5
Use the Restart Numbering tool to restart list numbering from 1.
You can insert cross references to specific list items numbers using the Insert Reference tool.
2.5.1.3List Continue
TheList Continue Styles are for complex lists that have more than one paragraph in the list. You can also use List Continue to put graphics that are not figures into lists.
- This is the initial item in a bulleted list.
List Continueis used with
- List
- List Bullet
and
- List Number.
- This is
an example of a graphic inserted in a list
- Use List Continue instead of inserting a new line character.
Note: The List Continue styles are not set to keep with next, so lists may break after a List Continue paragraph. If they are the final paragraph in a list, they should still be followed by a List Separator paragraph for the sake of spacing.
2.5.1.4List
The List style is used if you need or want to use manual numbering, or sequence fields.
1.This is a manually numbered list that is intentionally not sequential.
5.Sometimes the best way to make sure list numbers are correct is to manually number them.
7.You should use List style if you have non-sequential numbering,.
A reliable way to make sure lists staynumbered correctly is to use a sequence field.The following two lists demonstrate the use of sequence fields. To see the sequence fields, select a paragraph and viewthe field codes by right clicking and then choosing ‘Toggle Field Codes.’
A simple list using sequence fields
1.First item.After toggling you can see that Sequence name is List1.The \r 1“switch” tells the list to restart at 1.
2.The sequence fields in the following items only need the sequence name.
3.If you have overlapping lists, give each sequence a unique name.For example,sequence fields are used for figure and table numbering.
4Sequence fields can also be used fornon-Arabic numbering of various kinds. See the next example.
A complex list using sequence fields and various list styles
1.First item. This uses the same field as the example above. The sequence name is List1 and \r 1tells the list to restart at 1.
1a.This list sub-item uses two fields.
- The first uses the sequence name List1 and \c which tells it to use the numberused in the immediately preceding List1 sequence field.
- The second field is named List1a. It uses \r 1\* alphabetic to start a new lower case alphabetic sequence
1b.This is a second sub-item like the one above, except it dies not use\r 1.
1c.This is the final sub-item, which isfollowed by a List Continue 2 paragraph and aList Separator paragraph.
Use a list separator paragraph for natural break points in longer lists where a little extra space is also appropriate.
2.A second item
2aFirst sub-item.