Appendix I.

The SAS™ code needed for repeated-measure regression is listed below for a typical analysis, where “Major” is a binary variable that is one if the species either (1) migrates to spawn or (2) provides parental care. Species in orders with too few representatives were removed to obtain estimates of fixed effects.

Proc mixed data=Phylo.FishData method=REML covtest noclprint=10

noitprint;

class class order;

model SpawnInterval = Major / solution chisq ddfw=KENWARDROGER;

repeated / subject=class group=order type=CS;

parms / lowerb=0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0;

/* as many as VC elements estimated = 2 x # orders*/

run;

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Appendix II. Sixty fish species with longer-than-annual spawning intervals in our database.

Species / Spawn interval / IUCN / Migration / Parental care /
Acipenser baerii baerii / 5.00 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser baerii baicalensis / 5.00 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser brevirostrum / 4.00 / VU (2) / amphidromous / 0
Acipenser fulvescens / 4.00 / VU (2) / potamodromous / 0
Acipenser gueldenstaedtii / 5.00 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser medirostris / 5.00 / VU (2) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser nudiventris / 2.50 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi / 3.00 / VU (2) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus / 4.00 / LR/nt (1) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser persicus / 5.00 / EN (3) / potamodromous / 0
Acipenser schrenckii / 4.00 / EN (3) / limnodromous / 1
Acipenser stellatus / 3.50 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Acipenser transmontanus / 5.00 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Amblyopsis rosae / 5.00 / VU (2) / non-migratory / 4
Carcharhinus acronotus / 2.00 / NL (0) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus brachyurus / 2.00 / NL (0) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus brevipinna / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus falcifomis / 2.00 / NL (0) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus isodon / 2.00 / NL (0) / unknown / 8
Carcharhinus leucas / 2.00 / LR/nt (1) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus limbatus / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus longimanus / 2.00 / LR/nt (1) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus obscurus / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus perezi / 2.00 / NL (0) / unknown / 8
Carcharhinus plumbeus / 2.00 / LR/cd (1) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharhinus porosus / 2.00 / NL (0) / unknown / 8
Carcharias taurus / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Carcharodon carcharias / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Catostomus catostomus catostomus / 1.25 / NL (0) / unknown / 1
Cetorhinus maximus / 3.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Chanos chanos / 2.00 / NL (0) / amphidromous / 0
Gadus morhua / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 0
Galeocerdo cuvier / 2.00 / LR/nt (1) / oceanodromous / 8
Galeorhinus galeus / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Ginglymostoma cirratum / 2.00 / NL (0) / non-migratory / 8
Hippoglossus stenolepis / 2.00 / NL (0) / oceanodromous / 0
Huso dauricus / 4.50 / EN (3) / potamodromous / 0
Huso huso / 6.00 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Isurus oxyrinchus / 2.00 / LR/nt (1) / oceanodromous / 8
Isurus paucus / 2.00 / NL (0) / oceanodromous / 8
Latimeria chalumnae / 3.00 / CR (4) / non-migratory / 8
Macruronus novaezelandiae / 2.00 / NL (0) / oceanodromous / 0
Megachasma pelagios / 2.00 / DD (-) / oceanodromous / 8
Morone saxatilis / 1.25 / NL (0) / migratory / 1
Mustelus antarcticus / 1.33 / LR/cd (1) / oceanodromous / 8
Negaprion brevirostris / 2.00 / LR/nt (1) / unknown / 8
Notorynchus cepedianus / 2.00 / DD (-) / unknown / 8
Polyodon spathula / 5.00 / VU (2) / potamodromous / 1
Rhincodon typus / 2.00 / VU (2) / oceanodromous / 8
Salmo clarki / 2.00 / NL (0) / anadromous / 1
Salmo salar / 2.00 / NL (0) / anadromous / 1
Salvelinus alpinus / 2.50 / NL (0) / anadromous / 1
Salvelinus namaycush / 2.00 / NL (0) / non-migratory / 1
Scaphirhynchus albus / 3.33 / EN (3) / potamodromous / 0
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus / 2.00 / VU (2) / potamodromous / 0
Scomber scomber / 3.00 / NL (0) / migratory / 0
Sphyrna mokarran / 2.00 / DD (-) / oceanodromous / 8
Squalus acanthias / 3.33 / LR/nt (1) / oceanodromous / 8
Stenodus leucichthys / 2.50 / EN (3) / anadromous / 0
Typhlichthys subterraneus / 2.00 / VU (2) / non-migratory / 4

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