Carbon Fraction Bibliography

Carbon Fraction Bibliography

Accardi-Dey,A. and Gschwend,P.M. (2002). Assessing the combined roles of natural organic matter and black carbon as sorbents in sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 21-29.

Ackerman,J.P. and Toon,O.B. (1981). Absorption of visible radiation in atmosphere containing mixtures of absorbing and nonabsorbing particles. Appl. Opt. 20, 3661-3667.

Adams,H.S., Nieuwenhuijsen,M.J., Colvile,R.N., Older,M.J., and Kendall,M. (2002). Assessment of road users' elemental carbon personal exposure levels, London, UK. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5335-5342.

Adams,K.M. (1988). Real time, in situ measurements of atmospheric optical absorption in the visible via photoacoustic spectroscopy I. Evaluation of photoacoustic cells. Appl. Opt. 27, 4052-4056.

Adams,K.M., Davis,L.I., Jr., Japar,S.M., and Pierson,W.R. (1989). Real time, in situ measurements of atmospheric optical absorption in the visible via photoacoustic spectroscopy - II. Validation for atmospheric elemental carbon aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 23, 693-700.

Adams,K.M., Davis,L.I., Jr., Japar,S.M., Finley,D.R., and Cary,R.A. (1990). Measurement of atmospheric elemental carbon: Real-time data for Los Angeles during summer 1987. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 597-604.

Adams,K.M., Davis,L.I., Jr., Japar,S.M., and Finley,D.R. (1990). Real-time in situ measurements of atmospheric optical absorption in the visible via photoacoustic spectroscopy - IV: Visibility degradation and aerosol optical properties in Los Angeles. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 605-610.

Aden.A.L. and Kerker,M. (1951). Scattering of electromagnetic waves from two concentric spheres. J. Appl. Phys. 22, 1242-1246.

Aistov,A.V., Gavrilenko,V.G., and Petrov,S.S. (1991). Evolution of the angular distribution of light scattered by an absorbing anisotropic medium. Izvestiya, Atmos. and Oceanic Physics 27, 203-207.

Akhter,M.S., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1984). Reactions of hexane soot with NO2/N2O4. Journal of Physical Chemistry 88, 5334-5342.

Akhter,M.S., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1985). The structure of hexane soot. I. Spectroscopic studies. Applied Spectroscopy 39, 143-153.

Akhter,M.S., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1985). The structure of hexane soot. II. Applied Spectroscopy 39, 154-153.

Alcaniz-Monge,J., Cazorla-Amoros,D., and Linares-Solano,A. (2001). Characterization of coal tar pitches by thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and solvent fractionation. Fuel 80, 41-48.

Allen,G.A., Lawrence,J.E., and Koutrakis,P. (1999). Field validation of a semi-continuous method for aerosol black carbon (aethalometer) and temporal patterns of summertime hourly black carbon measurements in southwestern PA. Atmos. Environ. 33, 817-823.

American Society for Testing and Materials (1995). Standard test method for determining the amount of particulate matter in the atmosphere by measurement of the light absorbance of a filter sample. Report No. D1704-95. by American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

Andracchio,A., Cavicchi,C., Tonelli,D., and Zappoli,S. (2002). A new approach for the fractionation of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosols and cloud drops. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5097-5107.

Andreae,M.O. (1983). Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: Long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols. Science 220, 1148-1151.

Andreae,M.O. (2001). The dark side of aerosols. Nature 409, 671-672.

Anonymous (1997). Tracking sootprints. MIT Technol. Rev. 100, 11-13.

Anttila,T., Kerminen,V.M., and Kulmala,M. (2002). A tool for estimating the contribution of water-soluble organic compounds to the particle mass and condensational growth in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5897-5908.

Appel,B.R., Cheng,W., and Salaymeh,F. (1976). Sampling of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere--II. Atmos. Environ. 10, 2167.

Appel,B.R., Colodny,P., and Wesolowski,J.J. (1976). Analysis of carbonaceous materials in southern California atmospheric aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 359-363.

Appel,B.R., Hoffer,E.M., Kothny,E.L., Wall,S.M., Halik,M., and Knights,R.L. (1979). Analysis of carbonaceous material in southern California atmospheric aerosols. 2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13, 98-104.

Appel,B.R., Cheng,W., and Salaymeh,F. (1989). Sampling of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere - II. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 2167-2175.

Appel,J., Bockhorn,H., and Wulkow,M. (2001). A detailed numerical study of the evolution of soot particle size distributions in laminar premixed flames. Chemosphere 42, 635-645.

Arnold,N.S., Dworzanski,J.P., Sheya,S.A., McClennen,W.H., and Meuzelaar,H.L.C. (2000). Design considerations in field-portable GC-based hyphenated instrumentation. Field Anal. Chem. & Technol. 4, 219-238.

Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., Abbott,R.E., and Ossofsky,M.D. (1995). Thermoacoustic enhancement of photoacoustic spectroscopy: Theory and measurements of the signal to noise ratio. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 4827-4833.

Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., and Rogers,C.F. (1996). Measurement of light absorption by aerosols. Prepared for EPA - Office of Exploratory Research, by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV.

Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., Rogers,C.F., Jin,T., and Bruch,R. (1999). Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosol: Instrument description. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2845-2852.

Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., and Walker,J.W. (2000). Nitrogen dioxide and kerosene-flame soot calibration of photoacoustic instruments for measurement of light absorption by aerosols. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 4545-4552.

Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., Sheridan,P.J., Ogren,J.A., Raspet,R., Slaton,W.V., Hand,J.L., Kreidenweis,S.M., and Collett,J.L., Jr. (2003). Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements: Instrument comparison and the role of relative humidity. J. Geophys. Res. 108, AAC 15-1-AAC 15-11.

Asano,S. and Sato,M. (1980). Light scattering by randomly oriented spheroidal particles. Appl. Opt. 19, 962-974.

Aulagnier,F., Sarda-Esteve,R., Cachier,H., and Chazette,P. (2001). Comparison of different analyzers for carbonaceous aerosols and application to field experiments. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 1007-1016.

Ausset,P., Del Monte,M., and Lefevre,R.A. (1999). Embryonic sulphated black crusts on carbonate rocks in atmospheric simulation chamber and in the field: Role of carbonaceous fly-ash. Atmos. Environ. 33, 1525-1534.

Azizi,J.A., Dollimore,D., Dollimore,P.J., Heal,G.R., and Manley,P. (1993). Application of thermal analysis to carbon black-elastomer systems. J. Thermal Analysis 40, 831.

Babich,P., Davey,M., Allen,G., and Koutrakis,P. (2000). Method comparisons for particulate nitrate, elemental carbon, and PM2.5 mass in seven U.S. cities. JAWMA 50, 1095-1105.

Badini,C., Saracco,G., Serra,V., and Specchia,V. (1998). Suitability of some promising soot combustion catalysts for application in diesel exhaust treatment. Appl Catal B Environ 18, 137-150.

Baedecker,P.A., Reddy,M.M., Reimann,K.J., and Sciammarella,C.A. (1992). Effects of acidic deposition on the erosion of carbonate stone - experimental results from the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Atmos. Environ. B26, 147-158.

Bahrmann,C.P. and Saxena,V.K. (1998). Influence of air mass history on black carbon concentrations and regional climate forcing in southeastern United States. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23153-23162.

Bailey,D.L.R. and Clayton,P. (1982). The measurement of suspended particle and total carbon concentration in the atmosphere using standard smoke shade methods. Atmos. Environ. 16, 2683-2690.

Ball,D.F. (1964). Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in non-calcareous soils. J. Soil Sci. 15, 84-92.

Ballach,J., Hitzenberger,R., Schultz,E., and Jaeschke,W. (2001). Development of an improved optical transmission technique for black carbon (BC) analysis. Atmos. Environ. 35, 2089-2100.

Baltensperger,U., Gäggeler,H.W., Jost,D.T., Emmenegger,M., and Nägeli,W. (1991). Continuous background aerosol monitoring with the epiphaniometer. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 629-634.

Bank,S. and Castillo,R. (1987). Analysis or organic matter from cloud particles. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 210-212.

Barber,P.W. and Massoudi,H. (1982). Recent advances in light scattering calculations for nonspherical particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1, 303-315.

Barber,P.W. and Hill,S.C. (1990). Light Scattering by Particles: Computational Methods. World Scientific Publishing Co., Teaneck, NJ.

Barboza,M.J., Coldwell,S.T., Haymes,N.M. (2000). Chemical process industry - Sodium carbonate. In Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Second Edition, 2 ed., Davis,W.T., Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 413-418.

Baron,P.A., Sorensen,C.M., Brockmann,J.E. (2001). Nonspherical particle measurements: Shape factors, fractals, and fibers. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition, 2nd ed., Baron,P. and Willeke,K., Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 705-749.

Bauer,H., Kasper-Giebl,A., Zibuschka,F., Hitzenberger,R., Kraus,G.F., and Puxbaum,H. (2002). Determination of the carbon content of airborne fungal spores. Anal. Chem. 74, 91-95.

Baumgardner,D., Raga,G., Peralta,O., Rosas,I., Castro,T., Kuhlbusch,T., John,A., and Petzold,A. (2002). Diagnosing black carbon trends in large urban areas using carbon monoxide measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 107, ICC 4-1-ICC 4-9.

Belton,P.S., Wilson,R.H., and Saffa,A.M. (1987). Effects of particle size on quantitative photoacoustic spectroscopy using a gas-microphone cell. Anal. Chem. 59, 2378-2382.

Ben-Aim,R.I. (1987). Influence of structural parameters on the mechanism of combustion of coal. Int. Chem. Eng. 27, 70-75.

Bennett,C.A., Jr., Patty,R.R., and McClenny,W.A. (1981). Photoacoustic detection of carbonaceous particles. Appl. Opt. 20, 3475-3477.

Bennett,C.A., Jr. and Patty,R.R. (1982). Monitoring particulate carbon collected on Teflon filters: An evaluation of photoacoustic and transmission techniques. Appl. Opt. 21, 371-374.

Bergstrom,R.W. (1973). Extinction and absorption coefficients of the atmospheric aerosol as a function of particle size. Contributions to Atmospheric Physics 46, 223-234.

Bergstrom,R.W., Babson,B.L., and Ackerman,T.P. (1981). Calculation of multiple-scattered radiation in clean atmospheres. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1821-1826.

Bergstrom,R.W., Ackerman,T.P., Richards,L.W. (1982). The optical properties of particulate elemental carbon. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 43-51.

Berner,A., Sidla,S., Galambos,Z., Kruisz,C., Hitzenberger,R., ten Brink,H.M., and Kos,G.P.A. (1996). Modal character of atmospheric black carbon size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19559-19566.

Bessagnet,B. and Rosset,R. (2001). Fractal modelling of carbonaceous aerosols - Application to car exhaust plumes. Atmos. Environ. 35, 4751-4762.

Beverly,M.B., Basile,F., Voorhees,H.J., and Hadfield,T.L. (1996). A rapid approach for the detection of dipicolinic acid in bacterial spores using pyrolysis/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10, 455-458.

Bialoskorski,J., Pyzalski,M., and Walasek,L. (1990). Studies of the reaction between the amorphous carbon and silicon. J. Thermal Analysis 36, 2033.

Bidleman,T.F., Billings,W.N., and Foreman,W.T. (1986). Vapor-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds: Estimates from field collections. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 1038-1043.

Bijnen,F.G.C., Dongen,J.v., Reuss,J., and Harren,F.J.M. (1996). Thermoacoustic amplification of photoacoustic signal. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 2317-2324.

Birch,M.E. and Cary,R.A. (1996). Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25, 221-241.

Birch,M.E. and Cary,R.A. (1996). Elemental carbon-based method for occupational monitoring of particulate diesel exhaust: Methodology and exposure issues. Analyst 121, 1183-1190.

Birch,M.E. (1998). Analysis of carbonaceous aerosols: Interlaboratory comparison. Analyst 123, 851-857.

Biscoe,J. and Warren,B.E. (1942). An x-ray study of carbon black. J. Appl. Phys. 13, 364-371.

Bittner,J.D. and Howard,J.B. (1981). Pre-particulate chemistry in soot formation. In Particulate Carbon: Formation During Combustion, Siegla,D.C. and Smith,G.W., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 109-142.

Blaha,J.J., Rosasco,G.J., and Etz,E.S. (1978). Raman microprobe characterization of residual carbonaceous material associated with urban airborne particulates. Applied Spectroscopy 32, 292-297.

Blake,D. and Kato,K. (1995). Latitudinal distribution of black carbon soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 7195-7202.

Bogdanov,I.I., Entov,V.M., and Stepanov,V.P. (1990). Thermal decomposition of carbonate rocks under in situ combustion. J. Engineering Physics 58, 644-650.

Bohren,C.F. (1987). Multiple scattering of light and some of its observable consequences. Am. J. Phys. 55, 524.

Bond,T.C., Charlson,R.J., and Heintzenberg,J. (1998). Quantifying the emission of light-absorbing particles: Measurements tailored to climate studies. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 337-340.

Bond,T.C., Anderson,T.L., and Campbell,D.E. (1999). Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 30, 582-600.

Bond,T.C., Bussemer,M., Wehner,B., Keller,S., Charlson,R.J., and Heintzenberg,J. (1999). Light absorption by primary particle emissions from a lignite burning plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3887-3891.

Bond,T.C. (2001). Spectral dependence of visible light absorption by carbonaceous particles emitted from coal combustion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4075-4078.

Bond,T.C., Covert,D.S., Kramlich,J.C., Larson,T.V., and Charlson,R.J. (2002). Primary particle emissions from residential coal burning: Optical properties and size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 107, ICC 9-1-ICC 9-14.

Bonnamy,S. (1999). Carbonization of various precursors. Effect of heating rate. Part I: Optical microscopy studies. Carbon 37, 1691.

Bonnamy,S. (1999). Carbonization of various precursors. Effect of heating rate. Part II: Transmission electron microscopy and physicochemical studies. Carbon 37, 1707.

Borghese,F., Denti,P., Saija,R. (2003). Scattering from Model Nonspherical Particles. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, Berlin, Germany.

Böckmann,C. and Wauer,J. (2001). Algorithms for the inversion of light scattering data from uniform and non-uniform particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 49-61.

Brook,J.R., Vega,E., Watson,J.G. (2002). Receptor methods for source apportionment - Beyond the emission inventories. In NARSTO Fine Particle Assessment. NARSTO, Pasco, WA, p. accepted.

Brooke,B. (2001). The distribution of carbonate eolianite. Earth Sci. Rev. 55, 135-164.

Brown,A.L., Dayton,D.C., Nimlos,M.R., and Daily,J.W. (2001). Characterization of biomass pyrolysis vapors with molecular beam, single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 42, 663-669.

Bruce,C.W. and Pinnick,R.G. (1977). In-situ measurements of aerosol absorption with a resonant CW laser spectrophone. Appl. Opt. 16, 1762-1764.

Budiansky,S. (1995). New attention for atmospheric carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1430-1432.

Bugini,R., Tabasso,M.L., and Realini,M. (2000). Rate of formation of black crusts on marble: A case study. J. Cult. Heritage 1, 111-116.

Burtscher,H., Matter,D., and Siegmann,H.C. (1993). Measurement of size distribution and photoelectric activity of particles in a gas diffusion flame. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1255-1260.

Burtscher,H., Baltensperger,U., Bukowiechi,N., Cohn,P., Huglin,C., Mohr,M., Matter,U., Nyeki,S., Schmatloch,V., Streit,N., and Weingartner,E. (2001). Separation of volatile and non-volatile aerosol fractions by thermodesorption: Instrumental development and applications. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 427-442.

Buseck,P.R. and Bo-Jun,H. (1985). Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite during metamorphism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 2003-2016.

Buseck,P.R., Bo-Jun,H., and Keller,L.P. (1987). Electron microscope investigation of the structures of annealed carbons. Journal of Energy & Fuels 1, 105-110.

Butler,J.D. and Crossley,P. (1981). Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on soot particles. Atmos. Environ. 15, 91-94.

Byers,W.D. and Cal,M.P. (2000). Chemical process industry - Charcoal/activated carbon. In Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Second Edition, 2 ed., Davis,W.T., Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 368-371.

Cachier,H., Menard,P., Fontugne,M., and Rancher,J. (1985). Source terms and source strengths of the carbonaceous aerosol in the tropics. J. Atmos. Chem. 3, 469-489.

Cachier,H., Buat-Ménard,P., Fontugne,M., and Chesselet,R. (1986). Long-range transport of continentally-derived particulate carbon in the marine atmosphere: Evidence from stable carbon isotope studies. Tellus 38B, 161-177.

Cachier,H., Bremond,M.P., and Buat-Ménard,P. (1989). Determination of atmospheric soot carbon with a simple thermal method. Tellus 41B, 379-390.

Cachier,H., Bremond,M.P., and Buat-Ménard,P. (1989). Thermal separation of soot carbon. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 358-364.

Cachier,H. (1989). Isotopic characterization of carbonaceous aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 379-385.

Cachier,H., Bermond,M.P., Buat-Menard,P. (1990). Organic and black carbon aerosol over marine regions of the northern hemisphere. In Proceedings, International Conference on Global Atmospheric Chemistry , Newman,L., Wang,W., Kiang,C.S., Eds. Brookhaven National Laboratory Press, Brookhaven, NY, pp. 249-261.

Cachier,H., Ruellan,S., and Liousse,C. (1998). Biomass burning aerosols in tropical Africa. J. Aerosol Sci. 29, S23-S24.

Cadle,S.H., Groblicki,P.J., and Stroup,D.P. (1980). An automated carbon analyzer for particulate samples. Anal. Chem. 52, 2201-2206.

Cadle,S.H. and Groblicki,P.J. (1982). An evaluation of methods for the determination of organic and elemental carbon in particulate samples. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycles, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 89-109.

Cadle,S.H., Groblicki,P.J., and Mulawa,P.A. (1983). Problems in the sampling and analysis of carbon particulate. Atmos. Environ. 17, 593-600.

Cadle,S.H. and Mulawa,P.A. (1990). Atmospheric carbonaceous species measurement methods comparison study: General Motors results. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 128-131.

Campbell,D.E., Copeland,S., Cahill,T.A., Eldred,R.A., Cahill,C.F., Vesenka,J., van Curen,T. (1989) The coefficient of optical absorption of particles deposited on filters: Integrating plate, integrating sphere, and coefficient of haze measurements. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Managment Association, Anaheim, CA.

Campbell,D.E., Copeland,S., and Cahill,T.A. (1995). Measurement of aerosol absorption coefficient from Teflon filters using integrating plate and integrating sphere techniques. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 22, 287-292.

Campillo,A.J., Dodge,C.J., and Lin,H.B. (1981). Aerosol particle absorption spectroscopy by photothermal modulation of Mie scattered light. Appl. Opt. 20, 3100-3103.

Case,M.E. and Hofeldt,D.L. (1996). Soot mass concentration measurements in diesel engine exhaust using laser-induced incandescence. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25, 46-60.

Chan,S.H., He,Y., and Ge,Y. (1999). Innovative carbon-atom-balance-based method for diesel particulate measurement. Measurement Science & Technology 10, N93-N100.

Chan,Y.C., Vowles,P.D., McTainsh,G.H., Simpson,R.W., Cohen,D.D., and Bailey,G.M. (1995). Use of a modified Walkley-Black method to determine the organic and elemental carbon content of urban aerosols collected on glass fiber filters. Chemosphere 31, 4403-4411.

Chang,S.G., Brodzinsky,R., Gundel,L.A., Novakov,T. (1982). Chemical and catalytic properties of elemental carbon. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 159-181.

Chea,S.K. and Lee,H.S. (1993). Determination of radiative indices of dyed polymer monospheres. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 18, 403.

Chen,J., LeBoeuf,E.J., Dai,S., and Gu,B. (2003). Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of natural organic mattter fractions. Chemosphere 50, 639-647.

Chen,L.W., Doddridge,B.G., Dickerson,R.R., Chow,J.C., Mueller,P.K., Quinn,J., and Butler,W.A. (2001). Seasonal variations in elemental carbon aerosol, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide: Implications for sources. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1711-1714.

Cheng,M.T., Xie,G.W., Yang,M., and Shaw,D.T. (1991). Experimental characterization of chain-aggregate aerosol by electro-optical scattering. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 14, 74-78.

Chepil,W.S. (1954). Factors that influence clod structure and erodibility of soil by wind: III. Calcium carbonate and decomposed organic matter. Soil Science 77, 473-480.

Chesselet,R., Fontugne,M., Buart-Menard,P., Ezat,U., and Lambert,C.E. (1981). The origin of particulate organic in the marine atmosphere as indicated by its stable carbon isotopic composition. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 345-348.

Chow,J.C., Watson,J.G., Pritchett,L.C., Pierson,W.R., Frazier,C.A., and Purcell,R.G. (1993). The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1185-1201.

Chow,J.C. (1995). Critical review "Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles". JAWMA 45, 320-382.

Chow,J.C. (1995). Summary of the 1995 A&WMA critical review: Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles. EM 1, 12-15.

Chow,J.C. IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurement methods show differences.The IMPROVE Newsletter Air Resource Specialists Inc. (2000). 9:(1). 4-5. Ft. Collins, CO.

Chow,J.C., Lowenthal,D.H., Watson,J.G., Kohl,S.D., Hinsvark,B.A., Hackett,E.I., and McCormack,J.K. (2000). Light absorption by black sand dust. Appl. Opt. 39, 4232-4236.

Chow,J.C., Watson,J.G., Crow,D., Lowenthal,D.H., and Merrifield,T. (2001). Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34, 23-34.

Chow,J.C. and Watson,J.G. (2002). PM2.5 carbonate concentrations at regionally representative Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment sites. J. Geophys. Res. 107, ICC 6-1-ICC 6-9.

Chughtai,A.R., Jassim,J.A., Peterson,J.H., Stedman,D.H., and Smith,D.M. (1991). Spectroscopic and solubility characteristics of oxidized soots. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 15, 112-126.

Chughtai,A.R., Brooks,M.E., and Smith,D.M. (1993). Effect of metal oxides and black carbon (soot) on SO2/O2/H2O reaction systems. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 19, 121-132.

Chughtai,A.R., Brooks,M.E., and Smith,D.M. (1996). Hydration of black carbon. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19505-19514.

Chughtai,A.R., Atteya,M.M.O., Kim,J., Konowalchuk,B.K., and Smith,D.M. (1998). Adsorption and adsorbate interaction at soot particle surfaces. Carbon 36, 1573.

Chýlek,P., Ramaswamy,V., and Srivastava,V. (1983). Albedo of soot-contaminated snow. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10837-10843.

Chýlek,P., Ramaswamy,V., and Cheng,R.J. (1984). Effect of graphitic carbon on the albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 3076-3084.

Chýlek,P., Ramaswamy,V., and Srivastava,V. (1984). Graphitic carbon content of aerosols, clouds and snow, and its climatic implications. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 117-120.

Chýlek,P., Srivastava,V., Cahenzli,L., Pinnick,R.G., Dod,R.L., Novakov,T., Cook,T.L., and Hinds,B.D. (1987). Aerosol and graphitic carbon content of snow. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 9801-9809.

Chýlek,P. and Hallett,J. (1992). Enhanced absorption of solar radiation by cloud droplets containing soot particles on their surface. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 118, 167-172.

Chýlek,P., Johnson,B., and Wu,H. (1992). Black carbon concentration in Byrd Station ice core: From 13,000 to 700 years before present. Annals of Geophysics 10, 625-629.

Chýlek,P., Johnson,B., and Wu,H. (1992). Black carbon concentration in Greenland Dye-3 ice core. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1951-1953.