Equine Diseases
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
Ø A ______diseases that affects the equine’s ______system resulting in recurrent ______, weight ______and ______.
Ø Once an equine is infected, it remains infected for the rest of its life.
Ø Chronically infected equine may go for years without showing signs of ______only to have the sign recur when stress, environmental conditions or other disease affects the equine.
Ø ______and ______are the major natural transmitters of the virus from one equine to another
Ø Detection- A blood test called the “______test” is used to detect the presence of EIA.
Ø Equine must have a negative Coggins test before they can compete or be placed in events in North Carolina
Ø Prevention involves ______from equine that are not infected and protection from biting, flying insects.
Ø Treatment
o There is no effective treatment or vaccination for the disease
o In some cases, equine with EIA are required to be ______.
Equine Influenza
Ø There are two common features of this ______infection
o Extremely rapid spread of ______
o Frequent, dry cough
Ø Equine with influenza have an elevated temperature of ______degrees F which persist up to ______days
Ø The death rate from influenza is very ______
Ø The virus is spread to other equine when the equine ______or ______and may be carried by ______on equipment that have been in contact with an infected equine.
Ø Prevention
o Use two ______injections of influenza vaccine scheduled 2-4 weeks apart followed by a booster shot at 3-4 month intervals for horses at risk.
o ______of infected equine and screening animals prior to transportation will reduce the spread of the disease.
Ø Treatment
o One ______of stall rest is recommended for each day the equine has an elevated temperature due to influenza
o Maintain a ______free environment during the illness and recovery by ______hay and providing clean bedding.
Equine Rhinopneumonitis
Ø This is a ______disease caused by ______virus.
Ø The infection is accompanied by a ______colored ______discharge among foals.
Ø The virus associated with this disease also may cause ______in pregnant mares and occasional ______.
Ø Equine may develop a temperature of ______degrees F which lasts for ______.
Ø Equine become infected when they ______the virus exhaled by sick or even apparently healthy equine that are infected.
Ø Prevention requires a combination of
o Sensible management practice
o Mares should be isolated and separated from other equine
o Thorough cleaning and sanitation in the event of ______or ______fetus
Ø Vaccination
o Vaccinate pregnant mares in the ______, ______, and ______month of pregnancy.
o Young equine should receive two injections followed by a booster according to manufacturer’s recommendations
Ø Treatment is limited as there is not specific anti-viral therapy available.
Strangles
Ø A highly ______infection most commonly found in ______equine from one to five years of age.
Ø Early signs of strangles include ______, ______and loss of ______due to difficulty with swallowing.
Ø As strangles progresses, the ______and ______region may become hot, swollen and painful with ______forming and rupturing onto the skin.
Ø ______from ruptured abscesses may ______water buckets and ______feeders for months.
Ø When strangles develop and abscesses from on internal organs, mortality may be as high as ______%.
Ø Prevention and treatment are used in conjunction.
o Treat ruptured abscesses with a mild ______solution to hasten healing
o Administer ______as an antibiotic treatment until clinical signs no longer exist for five days.
o ______affected animals from all other equine
Ø Vaccinate with 2 or 3 injections one month apart and apply a ______annually.
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
Ø EVA is a ______infection that causes ______illness with ______and ______discharges, ______(stocking up) of the hind limbs and other areas of the body and sometimes ______.
Ø EVA may be passed by respiratory transmission when equine come in close contact.
Ø Equine invariable make uneventful clinical recoveries even without treatment
Ø Perhaps EVA is most pronounced as a breeding disease through the ______spread of the disease by acutely affected stallions.
Ø Viral persistence in the stallion can range from several ______to the entire ______of the equine
Ø Mares can be infected either at time of natural breeding or artificial breeding.
Ø Prevention
o Immunize the breeding stallion population with ______vaccine.
o Immunize all mares if they are inseminated with EVA positive semen.
Ø Treatment
o There is no specific anti-viral treatment for equine with EVA
o Infected stallions should receive forced rest if they show symptoms of the disease.
Eastern, Western and Venzuelan Equine Encepalomyelitis (EEE, WEE, and VEE)
Ø EEE, WEE, and VEE are ______infections that result in the ______of the ______.
Ø The viral infections are spread by ______contact.
Ø The virus my live in reservoir hosts such as ______and ______for long periods of time without harming the host.
Ø The virus is transmitted and spread by ______(______) to equine and humans.
Ø The viral infection is ______transmitted between equine and humans.
Ø The disease has high mortality rates:
o EEE is ______%
o WEE is ______%
o VEE is ______%
Ø Complete recovery is ______with equine frequently continuing to exhibit clumsiness, depression and abnormal behavior.
Ø Signs of EEE, WEE, and VEE include ______, propulsive walking, ______, and a number of things that indicate the equine is ______.
Ø Prevention focuses on mosquito control.
o Use insecticides and repellants when possible and practical
o Eliminate ______water
o Screen stalls, use fans to move air, and limit the use of ______lights in stall areas
o Brings equine inside prior to dusk
o ______with 3 injections at 3, 4, and 6 months of age and give a booster at the beginning of insect season
Ø Treatment
o There is not specific treatment available
Equine Colic
§ Colic is the behavioral signs of ______pain in equine characterized by various activities including, but not limited to: ______
§ True colic is due to ______or disease which causes pain
§ ______% of all colic cases are from two causes
o ______causes where there is intestinal spasm caused by numerous things such as stress, anxiety, diet change, parasite damage, dewormers, etc.
o Large intestinal impaction (______) caused most often by improper diet and exercise (Human management is often culprit)
§ Prevention
o Use a ______management program to avoid problems
o Careful rotation of pasture helps reduce levels of parasites
o Avoid overstocking pastures
o Use “Ivermectin” as a deworming compound
o ______
§ Treatment
o Place the equine in a safe environment
o Treat with ______for pain relief
o Treat with ______as a laxative
o ______feed until the equine has improved and then reintroduce feed gradually
o Do not allow the equine to eat too much hay or roughage (lightly grazing the pasture is recommended)
Founder
§ Characterized by the hoof collapsing as a result of ______(inflammation of the supporting tissue between the hoof wall and pedal bone)
§ Causes lameness in the horse and if left unchecked can cause permanent ______or even require ______.
§ The leading cause of founder is ______disturbance from any number of factors such as ______
§ Other factors that cause founder are exhaustion, excessive concussion (road founder) contact with black walnut shavings, etc.
§ Prevention
o ______
o Avoid ______the equine
§ Treatment
o Identify cause and direct treatment toward alleviating the problem
o Increase blood flow to the ______through the use of drugs and IV fluids
o Use ______or ______to thin blood
o Use anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs (______) to reduce laminar swelling
o Pack the frog and sole to increase support
o Use specialized shoes to relieve ______to the hoof area.
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
§ Caused by a ______that allows uncontrolled muscle contraction and muscle spasms
§ Affected horses most often have sustained a wound from ______prior to the onset of tetanus; however, tetanus bacteria also live in the equine’s ______tract
§ Tetanus has become less common due to vaccination, but is still highly ______
§ Equine usually die from ______, cardiac arrest or starvation since their ______system does not function
§ Prevention
o Vaccination with two doses of toxoid ______given one month apart followed by a booster shot annually
o Equine that are injured should receive the toxoid booster if there is no record of prior shots
§ Treatment
o Administer ______
o Aggressively clean the wound
o Administer tetanus anitoxin
o Use ______and muscle ______to relieve spasms and muscle pain
o Provide IV fluids and nutritional support
Potamac Horse Fever (PHF)
§ PHF is a disease which in its extreme form results in ______
______
§ The occurrence of PHF disease is consistently within ______miles of a ______
§ PHF is caused by an ______that can survive within living cells and must be transmitted through blood cells by insects such as ______
§ Equine with PHF are not considered ______to other equine
§ Prevention
o Vaccinate with two injections one month apart
o Give a booster injection annually in May or June
§ Treatment
o A veterinarian should use ______(anti-microbial drug) for 4-5 days
o IV fluids, frog pads, sole support, and anti-inflammatory drugs also help
Borreliosis (______)
§ Lyme disease is a ______infection transmitted primarily by certain ticks
§ Rare among equine and only a problem where Lyme disease is found among human populations
§ ______is the most commonly reported sign of Lyme disease in equine
§ Prevention
o Careful grooming to remove ticks
o Avoiding ______-infested areas
§ Treatment
o Use antibiotics such as tetracycline and ______
o Prolonged treatment of 10-30 days usual
West Nile Virus (WNV)
§ ______infection that can cause inflammation of the brain and often mimics ______in equine
§ First introduced in western hemisphere in ______
§ Equine are more often affected by WNV than any other domesticated animal
§ WNV is spread by ______when they bite an infected bird and then bite a human or an equine
§ Equine are not ______and do not pose a health risk to other animals or humans
§ About ______% of horses who show clinical signs either ______or have to be euthanized
§ Clinical sign of WNV may include ______, aimless wandering, head pressing, impaired vision, hyper excitability, etc.
§ Prevention
o See mosquito and control techniques listed for EEE, WEE and VEE
o A veterinarian should vaccinate with “protocol” and follow with a booster injection three weeks later
§ Treatment is still developing