Biology Final Study Guide

NAME ______

1. The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist is called what? BIOSPHERE

2. All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called what? POPULATION

3. What are 2 other words you can use for plants? AUTOTROPH & PRODUCER

4. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems? SUN

Figure 3–1

5. The grass at the beginning of the food chain in te above picture is classified as what? PRODUCERS

6. In the above picture, the snake is what level consumer? 3RD LEVEL CONSUMER

7. An organism that cannot make its own food is called what? HETEROTROPH/CONSUMER

8. What is the definition of a decomposer? ORGANISM THAT OBTAINS NUTRIENTS BY BREAKING DOWN DEAD AND DECAYING PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

9. What type of consumer eats both producers and consumers? OMNIVORE

10. Which type of pyramid shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem? BIOMASS PYRAMID

11. The repeated movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is called what? WATER CYCLE

12. Which of the following is not recycled in the biosphere: WATER, CARBON, NITROGEN, ENERGY,

NUTRIENTS

13. How much of the energy in a trophic level is available to organisms at the next trophic level? 10%

14. What is the definition of biotic? Contains all living matter

15. What is the process by whichbacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia? NITROGEN FIXATION

16. List 3 ways that carbon is stored in the biosphere?

A. FOSSIL FUELS & ROCK

B. CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE & OCEAN

C. PLANTS & ANIMALS

17. What is the greenhouse effect & what gases are involved with it?NATURAL PROCESS OCCURRING ON EARTH THAT USES CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE TO MAKE EARTH WARM AND HABITABLE.

18. A region’s average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation is the definition for what? CLIMATE

19. What is the definition of abiotic? SOMETHING THAT IS NOT LIVING, CONDITIONS SUCH AS WATER, AIR, SUNLIGHT, ETC.

20. What is the definition of a niche?RANGE OF CONDITIONS IN WHICH AN ORGANISM LIVES & THE WAY IT USES THOSE CONDITIONS

21. What is the definition of predation? ONE ORGANISM CAPTURES AND FEED ON ANOTHER ORGANISM

22. What is mutualism? BOTH ORGANISMS RECEIVE A BENEFIT.

23. Will competition be reduced or increased if different species share the same habitat but occupy different

niches?

24. What is the definition of ecological succession? A SERIES OF PREDICTABLE CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN A COMMUNITY OVER TIME..

25. In a section of the Arizona desert, there are 150 Saguaro cactus plants per square kilometer. Which population

characteristic does this information represent? POPULATION DENSITY

26. What does the range of a population tell you? THE AREA INHABITED BY A POPULATION

27. How do populations grow? BIRTHRATE NEEDS TO BE HIGHER THAN DEATH RATE; IMMIGRATION NEEDS TO BE HIGHER THAN EMIGRATION

28. What type of growth is represented in the graph to the right? EXPONENTIAL

29. Name some things that will reduce competition within a species’ population? MORE RESOURCES (FOOD, SHELTER, MATES); LESS INDIVIDUALS

30. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, what will happen with the

population? DEATH RATE MAY RISE

31. What is a limiting factor? ANY FACTOR THAT IS IN A SHORT SUPPLY LIKE NUTRIENT OR WATER

32. Whatare density-dependent limiting factor and give examples? BIOTIC FACTORS THAT DEPEND ON THE SIZE OF THE POPULATION. EX: PREDATION, PARASITES, COMPETION, DISEASE, CROWDING

33. What are density-independent limiting factors and give examples? ABIOTIC FACTORS THAT DO NOT DEPEND ON THE SIZE OF THE POPULATION. EX: TORNADOES, HURRICANE, FLOODS, TEMPERATURE

34. Demography is the scientific study of what? HUMAN POPULATIONS

35. What is sustainable development or sustainable use? TO USE THE RENEWABLE RESOURCES WITHOUT DEPLETING THEM

36. What is an endangered species? ANY GROUP OF ORGANISMS THAT ARE IN DANGER OF GOING EXTINCT

37. Name some threats to biodiversity? BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS, HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, INVASIVE SPECIES

38. What is primary succession & what type of soil will it occur on? PROGRESSION OF CHANGES THAT OCCURS ON NEWLY FORMED ROCKS OR BARE ROCKS WHERE NO SOIL EXISTS.

39. What factors are used to classify aquatic biomes? DEPTH, FLOW OF WATER, SALINITY

40. What is renewable & nonrenewable resources & give examples of each?

a. RENEWABLE - RESOURCES THAT CAN BE REPLENISHED IN A SHORT PERIOD OR TIME. EX: TREES

b. NONRENEWABLE –RESOURCES THAT CAN TAKE UP TO MILLIONS OF YEARS TO RETURN. EX: FOSSIL FUELS

41. What factors allow an invasive species to overpopulate a new habitat? NO NATURAL PREDATOR OR PARASITES IN THE NEW HABITAT.

42. As chemicals move up the trophic levels in food chains, or food webs, will their concentration levels:

increase, decrease, stay the same or disappear?

43. What is the definition of a biome? GROUP OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT HAVE THE SAME CLIMATE AND SIMILAR DOMINANT COMMUNITIES.

44. What is global warming? AN INCREASE IN EARTH’S AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FROM THE BUILDUP OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OTHER GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

45. What is acid rain? SULFUR AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FROM SMOG COMBINE WITH WATER FORMACID RAIN

46. The major cause of ozone depletion is what chemical? CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC)

47. Macromolecules:

Carbohydrates:

Monomer: Monosaccharides

Types: Sugar & Starches

Function: To provide cells with short term energy

Lipids:
Types: Fats, waxes, oils, steroids

Functions: water proofing for cell membranes, provide long term energy

Proteins:
Monomers: amino acids

Types: enzymes, catalysis

Functions: Build muscles, immune system, enzymes (speed up chemical reactions), catalysis (lower activation energy)

Nucleic Acid:
Monomers: nucleotide

Types: DNA & RNA

Functions: stores & transmits genetic information

48. What is the main source of energy for living things (macromolecule)? CARBOHYDRATES

49. Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing what? SPEED OF THE CHEMICAL REACTION

50. What did we study that usually ends in “ase” & what macromolecule group do they belong to? ENZYME; PROTEIN

51. State the cell theory. 1. ALL THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS, 2. ALL CELLS COME FROM PREEXISTING CELLS, 3. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF ALL LIVING ORGANISMS.

52. What would you most likely see in an eukaryoticcell? NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES

53. What types of organisms would be a prokaryote? BACTERIA

Figure 7–5

54. In Figure 7-5, what type of cell is cell II? PLANT

55. Organelles: What do they do in the cell & what type of cell are they found in?

a. nucleus: CONTROL CENTER FOR THE CELL, CONTAINS ALL OF THE INFORMATION NECESSARY TO KEEP THE CELL FUNCTIONING - BOTH

b. lysosomes: CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES TO HELP IN KEEPING CELL CLEAN OF WORN OUT ORGANELLES, WASTES, BACTERIA/VIRUSES & TO BREAK DOWN LARGE MOLECULES – ANIMALS, MAYBE PLANTS

c. mitochondria: POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL, CONVERTS THE CHEMICAL ENERGY STORED IN FOOD INTO COMPOUNDS THAT ARE MORE CONVENIENT FOR THE CELL TO US - BOTH

d. ribosomes: ORGANELLE THAT MAKES PROTEINS USING CODED INSTRUCTIONS THAT COME FROM THE NUCLEUS - BOTH

e. rough ER: SITE WHERE PROTEINS ARE MADE & SHIPPED IN VESICLES TO GOLI - BOTH

f. chloroplasts: ORGANELLE USED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS - PLANTS

g. cell wall: SUPPORT FOR PLANTS - PLANTS

h. cell membrane: CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS & LEAVES THE CELL, ALLOWING IT TO BE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE - BOTH

56. The cell membrane contains channels & pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What

macromolecule group are these channels & pumps found in? PROTEINS

57. Diffusion is the movement of molecules froman area of __HIGH______concentration to an area of

LOW______concentration?

58.What means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell? ACTIVE TRANSPORT

59. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called what? OSMOSIS

60. What will happen to a red blood cell that is placed in pure water? THE CELL WILL EXPAND.

61. Which term refers to cells having different jobs(like muscle or skin) in an organism? CELL SPECIALIZATION

62. List the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?

CELL, TISSUE, ORGAN, ORGAN SYSTEM, INDIVIDUAL, POPULATION, COMMUNITY, ECOSYSTEM, BIOME, BIOSPHERE

63. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into what products? SUGAR & OXYGEN

64. What organelle do plants use to gather the sun’s energy? CHLOROPLASTS

65. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down what? GLUCOSE

66. What is the principal chemical compound (ADP OR ATP) that living things use to store energy. ATP

67. In eukaryotes, where does cellular respiration occur? (organelle) MITOCHONDRIA

68. As a cell grows, what problems will the cell encounter? TROUBLE COMMUNICATING, GETTING NUTRIENTS IN & WASTES OUT

69. What phases occur during interphase & what happens in those phases? G1- CELL GROWS, S – DNA DUPLICATES, G2 – CELL PREPARES FOR MITOSIS

70. What phases belong in mitosis & what happens in those phases? PROPHASE –NUCLEAR MEMBRANE BREAKS DOWN, NUCLEOLUS DISAPPEARS, CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE, SPINDLE APPARATUS BEGINS TO FORM BETWWEN THE POLES; METAPHASE – SISTER CHROMATIDS LINE UP DOWN THE CENTER OF THE CELL ANAPHASE – SPINDLES PULL THE SISTER CHROMATIDS APART AND PULL THEM OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL; TELOPHASE – CHROMOSOMES REACH POLES OF CELL & BECOME RELAXED, NUCLEAR ENVELOPE REAPPEARS, NUCLEOLUS REAPPEARS,

Figure 10–1

71. Mark Figure 10-1 with the following information: Interphase, G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Prophase, Metaphase,

Anaphase,Telophase & Cytokinesis.

72. What are the two stages of cell division? MITOSIS & CYTOKINESIS

centromere

sister chromatid

73. Draw & label a sister chromatid and the centromere

__METAPHASE___ _TELOPHASE_PROPHASE_ANAPHASE_

ANA

A B C D

Figure 10-3

74. Above each picture put the correct name of the phase.

75. List the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence. PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

76. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis? TO PULL THE SISTER CHROMATIDS APART AND MOVE THEM TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL

77. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having eight chromosomes will produce two daughter cells,

each containing how many chromosomes? 8

78. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their what? GROWTH

Figure 5–3

79. In Figure 5-3 which population will grow larger over the next 30 years & why? MEXICO, MORE OF THE POPULATION IF BELOW THE AGE OF 25 AND THEY WILL SOO MOVE UP & BEGIN REPRODUCING

Figure 5-1

80. What type of graph is this & what will happen to a population once it reaches the K line?

LOGISTIC GROWTH, THE POPULATION WILL DECREASE FROM MORE DEATHS FROM LACK OF FOOD, SHELTER, WATER, ETC.

Figure 2–3

81. Using Figure 2-3, what enzyme (X or Y) works better in a narrower temperature range? X

99. What macromolecule group are important parts of biological membranes and/or waterproof coverings? LIPIDS