How to Be Successful on English Paper 1

How to be Successful on English Paper 1:

Section A: How Writers Achieve Effects

UNDERSTANDING

PRESENTATIONAL DEVICES

Presentational Devices

Presentational devices are things that are used in addition to the writing in a text. They form a very deliberate purpose. Writers use presentational devices to enhance the meaning of what they have written about. Most non-fiction texts will use presentational devices to present information that helps the reader to understand the writer’s argument or particular point of view.

Presentational Devices in the Exam

You will be asked to think about how the writer has employed presentational devices. It is important that you can show that you understand how, and why, they are effective.

You need to show how the presentational devices enhance meaning.

Types of Presentational Devices

1. Illustrations and photographs

Writers use devices like these in order to find a visual way to engage the reader’s interest in a particular topic. However, this is not the only reason. Often, an illustration of photograph can be used to impact on the reader’s point of view about a particular topic.

2. Captions

It is important to look closely at the caption that accompanies a particular picture. Very often the caption does more than just explain what is in the picture: it can be used to inflect additional meaning on to the image.

3. Colour

Colour is a subtle way to control the reader’s interpretation of material. Very often, a specific colour carries specific connotations and associations. It is important to think about the colours that are used in a text and the possible emotions or feelings that the writer is trying to evoke as a consequence.

4. Charts and diagrams

Simply, charts and diagrams allow the writer to condense facts and statistics into an easily accessible visual form. It allows the writer to take raw data and present it clearly so that the reader comes to think that the writer’s ideas have a basis in quantifiable fact.

Presentational Devices

Types of Presentational Devices (cont’d)

5. Logos and Slogans

Logos and Slogans are important because they are visual representation of an individual’s or organisations collective identity. In some texts identity is a powerful element of why the text is convincing: that is, because the reader can identify with the values of the group or individual promoting a particular idea, they are more likely to accept it.

6. Font Styles

The different font styles that a writer employs are key to their strategy in communicating with the audience. The writer may adopt particular font styles in order to draw the attention to a specific point or to distinguish between different words or phrases in the text.

7. Titles

Titles play a central role in any text: they dictate the tone and meaning of the text from the outset. A title is more than a description of a text’s content, it indicates to the reader the approach that the writer is taking to a topic. Titles may carry concealed or implied meaning that only becomes clearer once the text has been read; alternatively, they might also indicate, from the outset, the writer’s perspective on a particular topic.

8. Sub-headings

Sub-headings are both a presentational and structural device. At a very simple level, sub-headings help to divide information clearly so that the reader can follow a writer’s argument with clarity. However, they also form a much more subtle purpose when used effectively. Sub-headings can also be used to condense a complicated argument into carefully managed segments. This approach is not simply concerned with helping the reader to follow the argument, but also leading them to believe that each stage of the argument is leading to a logical conclusion. In turn, the text can be ultimately more persuasive.

A Note about Presentational Devices

You should see presentational devices as integral to the success of any text. They have not been included by the writer or design team primarily for decorative effect. They help to enhance and extend the meaning of the text that the writer has produced. When writing about persuasive devices, you need to think about what they add to the text.

Presentational Devices

Illustrations and Photographs

Illustrations and photographs are key elements of a text’s construction. The use of visual images is both engaging and stimulating for the reader. It is important to remember that each individual sees something different in a visual image. In other words, how we interpret visual imagery is subjective. However, illustrations and photographs help us not only to engage with a topic, but they might also visually represent the image that is being written about, or be included to alter our perception of a particular topic.

Describing Visual Imagery

Although our interpretation of visual imagery is subjective, there exists a methodology for analysing visual texts. In order to think about what a picture is showing us we can think about what is illustrates superficially, but also what it implies beneath the surface.

THIS IS CALLED DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

*LEARN THE DEFINITIONS BELOW*

DENOTATION – what a picture shows us superficially.

CONNOTATION – what can be inferred from the image

· Look at the images and complete the tables alongside them.

ARSENE WENGER
What does the picture denote?
______
______
______
______
What does the picture connote?
______
______
______
______

Presentational Devices

Captions

Captions do not simply describe the contents of a picture. Instead, they offer an additional comment on the topic matter. Very often the writer will use an image to add meaning to their text. In turn, the caption is another way that the writer can control the way that the reader thinks about a particular topic.

· Look at the example below

STEVEN GERRARD
CAPTION:
Gerrard celebrates a vital goal but is this just covering the cracks at faltering Liverpool?

Explanation

The image: The image shows Steven Gerrard celebrating a goal for Liverpool FC.

The Caption: The caption is used to allude to the importance of Gerrard’s ‘vital’ goal but also implies that there is something more fundamentally wrong –‘just covering the cracks’ – at Liverpool Football Club.

Where might this appear? You might expect to find this in an article that is not primarily concerned with Liverpool’s performance on the football pitch, but is instead interested in the general state of well-being at the club overall.

The effect: The caption appears to relate directly to the writer’s purpose: it offers a further perspective on the topic that they are writing about in their text and attempts to control how the reader perceives the ideas in the writing.

Presentational Devices

Colour

Colour is a slightly more subtle device that writers or designers can use to enhance the meaning of their texts. This is because of the subconscious associations that we make with what different colours represent. It is important to think about how colour is used in a text. Very often it can be used as a way of directing us to think in a certain way because of what we associate the colour with.

· Look at the headings from different texts below.

· Beneath each one write down why the designer has chosen that colour in relation to what it represents.

The Greatest Cause of Premature Death in this Century

Why has the designer chosen this colour for this heading?

Sugar’s Top 10 Ways to Recover from a Broken Heart & Begin the Search Again…

Escape the Chaos of Everyday Life and Find Peace in YOUR Piece of Paradise

Presentational Devices

Logos

Another key presentational device used by writers and designers are logs. Logos are important because they do two central things. The first is that they promote the identity of an individual or organisation with which we associate the logo. Secondly, the logo itself promotes the values and ideals of that person or organisation.

· Look at the logos below and write down next to each one who they belong to and what they symbolise.

Who does the logo belong to?
______
______
What does it represent?
______
______
______
______
______
______
Who does the logo belong to?
______
______
What does it represent?
______
______
______
______
______
______

Presentational Devices

Who does the logo belong to?
______
______
What does it represent?
______
______
______
______
______
______

Presentational Devices

Slogans

Slogans are effective tools that writers use in their texts. Essentially, a slogan is a short and pithy phrase that sums up the essence of a product or organisation. Some slogans use what is called phonological patterning. This is devices like alliteration and assonance, for example, which are designed to make the slogan memorable by using the same sounds in the slogan. Alternatively, the slogan might just be a very short phrase that focuses the reader on a particularly unique element of the product or text in general.

· Look at the slogans in the table below and comment on what you think the creator was trying to achieve, and why they are effective.

SLOGANS
SLOGAN / AIM / EFFECTIVENESS
Fluent in Finance
(Barclays Bank)
Finger lickin’ good
(KFC)
Have it your way
(Burger King)
‘Be the first to know’
(CNN)
‘The Power to be your Best’
(Apple Computers)
‘Because I’m Worth it’
(L’Oreal)

Presentational Devices

Font Styles

Like the use of colour, font styles are another way that the writer and designer can subtly control how you perceive a piece of text. Fonts carry with them a number of perceived meanings. One of the first things to think about is the level of formality implied by the font. The second is to ask yourself if the font is being used to draw your attention to a key idea in the text. The third, is the font designed to draw a distinction between ideas in the text.

· Look at the different headings below and try to establish the level of formality that is implied and why they have been chosen by the designer.

How to Burn the Candle at Both Ends and Stay Healthy

Level of Formality:

______

Why has this style of font been used?

______

Effectiveness of the Font:

______

Presentational Devices

HER MAJESTY’S TREASURY

BUDGET 2008

‘BUILDING A STRONG, SUSTAINABLE FUTURE’

Level of Formality:

______

Why has this style of font been used?

______

Effectiveness of the Font:

______

Presentational Devices

Young Love + Sexually Transmitted Diseases =

A Ticking Bomb for the Next Generation

Level of Formality:

______

Why has this style of font been used?

______

Effectiveness of the Font:

______

Presentational Devices

Headings

Headings are another key element of a text. They work to provide us with an initial sense of the writer’s topic, but also their purpose. That is, headings are more than just illustrations of what will be contained in the piece, instead they can offer us an early insight into the writer’s perspective on a particular topic. You should look closely at headings to determine whether or not the writer is presenting their ideological perspective in addition to an indication of what they intend to write about.

· Look at the headings below, beneath each one, write down what you think is indicated about the writer’s ideological viewpoint.

BRITISH YOUTH ARE THE DRUG ADDICTS OF EUROPE

Ideological Viewpoint:

______

A GENERATION IN DESPAIR: BRITAIN’S LOST YOUTH

Ideological Viewpoint:

______

Presentational Devices

THE FALLEN EMPIRE: HOW AMERICA LOST ITS VALUES

Ideological Viewpoint:

______

SIMON COWELL, AMERICAN IDOLS & WHAT REALLY HAPPENED TO BRITISH MUSIC’S X-FACTOR

Ideological Viewpoint:

______

Presentational Devices

Sub-Headings

As well as the main titles in a text, you might also think about how the writer’s approach is developed by their use of sub-headings. This will be important because very often, sub-headings do more than simply ‘break up’ the text; instead, they often provide a way for the writer to guide the reader through their argument by continuing to insert headings that deliver their ideological impact.

· Imagine a writer has produced a text about GUN CRIME.

· Read the text’s title, and then look at the subsequent sub-headings; beneath each one, write down how they help the writer to develop their ideological perspective throughout the text.

BRITAIN ON THE VERGE OF GUN CRIME CHAOS

SUB-HEADING 1:

RECORD NUMBERS BEING SLAIN ON BRITAIN’S STREETS

How does this develop the writer’s ideological viewpoint?

______

SUB-HEADING 2:

THE SECRET WAR AMONG OUR CHILDREN

______

SUBHEADING 3:

UNDER-18s BUYING GUNS TO COMMIT CRIME

______

Presentational Devices

SUB-HEADING 4:

55 GUN CRIMES EVERYDAY

How does this develop the writer’s ideological viewpoint?

______

SUB-HEADING 5

PARENTS LIVE IN BLISSFUL IGNORANCE

How does this develop the writer’s ideological viewpoint?

______

THINGS TO LOOK FOR WHEN ANALYSING THE LINGUISTIC AND GRAPHOLOGICAL CHOICES OF A WRITER

GRAPHOLOGICAL CHOICES
ü Illustrations & Photographs
ü Captions
ü Charts and Diagrams
ü Logos & Slogans
ü Font Styles
ü Titles
ü Sub-headings
LINGUISTIC CHOICES
ü Word Choice: subject specific vocabulary; nouns, verbs and adjectives; colloquial language; the complexity of the word choice; culturally referential word choice.
ü Sentence Structure: types of sentence; syntactical functions of sentences.

REMEMBER – YOU NEED TO BE LOOKING FOR PATTERNS OF USE IN A TEXT