Table S1. Laboratory strains used in this study

Strain / Notes / Reference or Source
Paenibacillus vortex / Wild type (WT), swarming / Roth et al. (2013)
P. vortex R1 / RifR , swarming as WT / Ingham & Ben-Jacob (2008)
P. glucanolyticus 5162 / Wild Type, swarming / DSMZ strain collection
P. dendritiformis C454 / Wild Type, swarming / Sirota-Madi et al. (2012)
P. dendritiformis T454 / Wild Type, swarming / Be’er et al. (2013)
P. polymyxa DSMZ 36 / Wild Type, swarming / DSMZ
P. lautus DSMZ 3035 / Wild Type, swarming / DSMZ
P. alvei DSMZ 29 / Wild Type, swarming / DSMZ
E. coli VL001 / CP38 plasmid, AmpR, constitutive GFP expression / Yagur-Kroll Belkin (2011)
E. coli VL002 / As VT001 but KanR, AmpS / This work
E. coli VL003 / As VT001 Non-motile, spontaneous flaI mutant; AmpR / This work
E. coli CTX1 / pACTEM1 plasmid,IPTG-inducible TEM-1; MIC Ctx 0.0625 µg ml-1 / Schenk et al. (2012)
E. coli CTX2 / As WCTX1with mutated, more active TEM-1 (E104K); MIC Ctx 0.25 µg ml-1 / Schenk et al. (2012)
E. coli CTX3 / As WT with mutated, more active TEM-1 (G238S); MIC Ctx 2 µg ml-1 / Schenk et al. (2012)
E. coli CTX4 / As WT with mutated, more active TEM-1 (M182T, G238S); MIC Ctx 32 µg ml-1 / Schenk de Visser (2013)
E. coli CTX5 / As WT with mutated, more active TEM-1 (E104K G238S); MIC Ctx 128 µg ml-1 / Schenk de Visser (2013)
E. coli CTX6 / As WT with mutated, more active TEM-1 (E104K G238S); MIC Ctx 512 µg ml-1 / Schenk de Visser (2013)
Proteus mirabilis JBZ1S / AmpS / Budding et al. (2009)
P. mirabilis JBZ2S / AmpS / Budding et al. (2009)
P. mirabilis JB1G / P. mirabilis with pBAC001 (AmpR) / Budding et al. (2009)
P. mirabilis JBZ2G / P. mirabilis with pBAC001 (AmpR) / Budding et al. (2009)

All E. coli strains have DH5alpha background.

References

Be’er A, Strain SK, Hernandez RA, Ben Jacob E, Florin EL. 2013. Periodic reversals in Paenibacillus dendritiformis swarming. J. Bacteriol. 195:2709-2717.

Budding AE, Ingham CJ, Bitter W, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Schneeberger PM. 2009. The Dienes phemonenon: competition and territoriality in swarming Proteus mirabilis. J. Bacteriol. 191:3892-3900.

Ingham CJ, Ben-Jacob E. 2008. Swarming and complex pattern formation in Paenibacillus vortex studied by imaging and tracking cells. BMC Microbiol. 8:36.

Roth D, Finkelshtein A, Ingham C, Helman Y, Sirota-Madi A, Brodsky L et al. 2013. Identification and characterisation of a highly motile and antibiotic refractory subpopulation involved in the expansion of swarming colonies of Paenibacillus vortex. Environ. Microbiol. 15:2532-2544.

Schenk MF, de Visser JA. 2013. Predicting the evolution of antibiotic resistance. BMC Biol. 11:14. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-14

Schenk MF, Szendro IG, Krug J, Visser AGM. 2012. Quantifying the adaptive potential of an antibiotic resistance enzyme. PLoS Genet. 8:e1002783.

Sirota-Madi A, Olender, T, Helman Y, Brainis I, Finkelshtein A, Roth D et al. 2012. Genome sequence of the pattern-forming social bacterium Paenibacillus dendritiformis C454 chiral morphotype. J. Bacteriol. 194:2127–2128.

Yagur-Kroll S, Belkin S. 2011. Upgrading bioluminescent bacterial bioreporter performance by splitting the lux operon. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400:1071-1082.