BY124 Exam 2 Material – Worksheet 8 – Chapter 31 Fungi
1. Fungi are ______organisms.
a. chemoheterotrophicb. photoautotrophic
c. chemoautotrophic
d. photoheterotrophic
e. mixotrophic
2. ______fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms.
a. Parasiticb. Mutualistic
c. Decomposer
d. The first and second responses are both correct.
e. All of the listed responses are correct.
3. There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 890,965 hectares! The bulk of this fungus is most likely _____.
a. pathogenicb. haustoria
c. mycelia
d. sporangia
e. reproductive structures
4. In fungi, the function of the mycelium is _____.
a. dispersal to distant habitatsb. obtaining food
c. movement
d. defense
e. surviving a period of food shortage
5. Fungi that consist of a continuous mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei are known as _____.
a. coenocyticb. chytrids
c. septate
d. dikaryotic
e. imperfect fungi
6. Parasitic fungi possess hyphae that are modified to penetrate and absorb nutrients from host tissue. Such modified hyphae are called _____.
a. basidiocarpsb. mycorrhizae
c. asci
d. haustoria
e. septa
7. You can buy mycorrhizal fungus to add to soil when you plant trees and other plants. Why would you want to do this?
a. Mycorrhizal fungi prevent transposons from accumulating in plant cells.b. Mycorrhizal fungi live in plant leaves and produce toxins that discourage herbivores.
c. Mycorrhizal fungi prey on nematodes in the soil.
d. Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in the absorption of essential nutrients.
e. Mycorrhizal fungi produce carbohydrates needed by plants.
8. The cell walls of fungal cells are composed of _____.
a. peptidoglycanb. chitin
c. pectin
d. cellulose
e. lignin
9. Which choice below generally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction?
a. plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germinationb. meiosis, plasmogamy, karyogamy, germination
c. germination, meiosis, karyogamy, plasmogamy
d. plasmogamy, meiosis, germination, karyogamy
e. karyogamy, meiosis, plasmogamy, germination
10. Which of the following statements about fungi is/are true?
a. Spores germinate and then mitotically divide to form a mycelium.b. The dominant stage of the life cycle is usually haploid.
c. Many species obtain their nutrients from decaying organic matter.
d. The haploid nuclei of dikaryotic hyphal cells fuse to form a diploid zygote.
e. All of the listed responses are correct.
11. What role do pheromones play in fungal sexual reproduction?
a. Pheromones initiate zygotes to form during karyogamy.b. Pheromones allow the hyphae of two distinct mycelia to follow each other as
they grow.
c. Fungi use these chemical signals to determine whether a potential sexual partner
is of a suitable mating type.
d. After plasmogamy, pheromones cause the haploid nuclei from each parent to
exchange genes.
e. Pheromones initiate the production of spores in molds.
12. Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called _____.
a. diploidb. heterozygotic
c. prokaryotic
d. dikaryotic
e. multicellular
13. During what stage of fungal reproduction are diploid cells produced?
a. dikaryotic stageb. plasmogamy
c. binary fission
d. karyogamy
e. meiosis
14. Fungal species are assigned to particular phyla based on _____.
a. whether they produce sexually or asexuallyb. their type of motility
c. their mode of nutrition
d. the type of sexual structure they form
e. whether they are mutualistic or parasitic
15. Molecular evidence suggests that fungi _____.
a. evolved from a multicellular protistb. were once photosynthetic
c. are a polyphyletic group
d. evolved from plants
e. and animals have a common ancestor
16. Evidence that mycorrhizae, the mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi, existed from the beginning of the colonization of land comes from _____.
a. fossilsb. microsporidia
c. molecular clock studies
d. comparisons of DNA sequences
e. phylogenetics
17. Which feature below is unique to chytrids?
a. cell walls made of chitinb. asci (spore-producing sacs)
c. zoospores (flagellated spores)
d. conidia (asexual spores)
e. soredia
18. Which statement below about zygosporangia is/are true?
a. They are produced through plasmogamy.b. They are metabolically inactive.
c. They are resistant to freezing and drying.
d. They are multinucleate formations.
e. All of the listed responses are correct.
19. What is the major feature of glomeromycetes?
a. mycorrhizaeb. arbuscules
c. ascocarps
d. soredia
e. the containment of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms in their hyphae
20. An ascus is _____.
a. a cup-shaped structure containing many spore-producing cells on the gill of a mushroomb. an asexual spore-producing structure on a stalk
c. a saclike structure containing spores
d. a club-shaped cell with spores on its outer surface
e. the sexual structure of chytrids
21. The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____.
a. lichensb. conidia
c. asci
d. mushrooms
e. mycorrhizae
22. The mushroom in a basidiomycete life cycle serves the same function as the _____ in the ascomycete life cycle, which is to _____.
a. zygosporangium ... produce sexual sporesb. dikaryon ... store a food reserve
c. plasmodium ... form gametes
d. ascocarp ... scatter sexually produced spores
e. conidium ... supply the rest of the fungus with chitin monomers
23. While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of _____.
a. monokaryotic cells with diploid nucleib. dikaryotic cells with diploid nuclei
c. dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei
d. monokaryotic cells with a haploid nucleus
e. more than one of the cell types listed
24. Fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota are the most important decomposers of wood because of their ability to break down _____.
a. ligninb. cellulose
c. jet fuel
d. opisthokonts
e. mycorrhizae
25. What is the importance of the extended dikaryotic stage in the life cycles of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes?
a. It allows for the formation of more hyphae.b. It allows for more genetic recombination.
c. It keeps transposons from accumulating in fungal cells.
d. It increases the surface area for the production of basidiospores.
e. It allows for the formation of more conidia.
26. Where and when does fertilization occur in the mushroom life cycle?
a. underground, when the hyphae of different mating types fuseb. in a mushroom, when eggs and sperm meet
c. on the surface of the ground, when a basidiospore germinates
d. in a mushroom, when the nuclei of a dikaryotic cell fuse
e. underground, as a mycelium begins to spread
27. Lichens are _____.
a. the sexual stage of deuteromycetesb. symbiotic associations of photosynthesizers and fungi
c. used to produce blue cheese
d. mutualistic associations of fungi and plant roots
e. predatory fungi
28. Lichens are important pioneers in areas that have been burned by fires or destroyed by lava flows because _____.
a. they are important in the initial stages of soil formationb. they release chemicals that maintain the surfaces of the underlying substratum
c. they thrive on acid rain
d. they take up excess nitrogen
e. All of the listed responses are correct.
29. A dramatic example of the pathogenicity of certain fungi is the dramatic decrease of the American chestnut tree by _____.
a. trufflesb. an ascomycete
c. a rust
d. ergots
e. a shelf fungus
30. Two of the most common mycoses (fungal infections) in humans are _____.
a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicilliumb. ergots and rusts
c. rusts and smuts
d. athlete's foot and Candida (yeast) infections
e. chytrids and coccidiodomycosis
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