Electronic Supplementary Material for:
The oldest known fur seal
Robert W. Boessenecker and Morgan Churchill
ESM Contents:
Appendix 1. Measurements of the Eotaria crypta holotype (page 1)
Appendix 2. Character list for phylogenetic analysis (page 1)
Appendix 3. List of specimens included in phylogenetic analysis (page 18)
Appendix 4. Expanded description of cladistic methodology (page 21)
Appendix 5. Justification of geochronologic ranges for modern and fossil pinnipeds (page 21)
Appendix 1. Measurements of the Eotaria crypta holotype (OCPC 5710)
Total length of mandible as preserved: 58.88 mm
Dorsoventral depth of mandible at P2: 14.50 mm
Dorsoventral depth of mandible at P3: 14.33 mm
Dorsoventral depth of mandible at P4: 13.67 mm
Dorsoventral depth of mandible at M1: 13.63 mm
Dorsoventral depth of mandible at M2: 13.42 mm
Anteroposterior length/dorsoventral depth/transverse width of P2: 5.59/5.63/3.44 mm
Anteroposterior length/dorsoventral depth/transverse width of P3: 6.65/5.97/3.82 mm
Anteroposterior length/dorsoventral depth/transverse width of P4: 6.73/5.72/3.70 mm
Anteroposterior length/dorsoventral depth/transverse width of M1: 6.83/5.81/3.67 mm
Distance between P2-3 crown apices, tip to tip: 6.92 mm
Distance between P3-4 crown apices, tip to tip: 7.48 mm
Distance between P4-M1 crown apices, tip to tip: 6.42 mm
P2-3 diastema: 0.90 mm
P3-4 diastema: 0.96 mm
P4-M1 diastema: 1.26 mm
Appendix 2. Character list for phylogenetic analysis
Character 1: Cranium: dorsoventral height. Modified from Churchill et al. ([1]: character 1).
0: < 32% basal length of skull
1: > 32% or polymorphic for this trait
Character 2: Cranium: dorsal margin of skull at interorbital region. Modified from Barnes et al. ([2]: character 31), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 2).
0: Flat
1: Slightly to strongly convex
Character 3: Cranium: widest portion of rostrum. Modified from Berta ([3]: character 27), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 23), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 3).
0: Posterior to canines
1: At canines, or rostrum same width throughout
Character 4: Cranium: facial angle. Modified from Berta and Deméré ([4]: 22), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 4).
0: ≤ 65°
1: Polymorphic
2: 65°
Character 5: Cranium: pseudosylvian sulcus on braincase. Modified from Berta ([5]: character 17), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 50), Kohno ([7]: character 20), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 20), Kohno ([9]: character 28), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 28), and Churchill et al. ([1]: character 95).
0: Present as a transverse furrow on lateral side of braincase
1: Absent
Character 6: Premaxilla: prenarial process. Modified from Berta ([5]: character 23), Berta ([11]: character 2), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 3), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 4), Kohno ([9]: character 1) and Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 1), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 5).
0: Large, forming a half-circle in dorsal view, and giving a tapered appearance to the snout
1: Reduced to a low ridge in dorsal view, enhances overall bluntness of snout
2: Prenarial process absent or indistinct
Character 7: Premaxilla: depth of fossa between canine and incisor. Modified from Bininda-Emonds and Russell ([12]: character 20), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 6).
0: Shallow or absent
1: Polymorphic
2: Deep
Character 8: Premaxilla: fossa dorsal to canine. Modified from Kohno et al. ([8]: character 14).
0: Absent
1: Present
Character 9: Premaxilla: contact with nasals. Modified from Wyss ([13]: character 15), Berta ([5]: character 38), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 1), Deméré ([14]: character 2), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 1), Deméré and Berta ([16]: character 1), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 39), Kohno ([9]: character 3), Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 11), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 3), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 7).
0: Contact limited to the lateral margins of the anterior half of nasals
1: Contact between the premaxilla and nasal extends to midway along the lateral margins of the nasal, or greater
2: Contact limited to anterior terminus of nasals with limited or no contact along the lateral margins
Character 10: Premaxilla: lateral view. Modified from Berta and Deméré ([4]: character 17), Churchill et al. [1]: character 8).
0: Gradual slope from nasal region to prenarial region
1: Strongly concave
2: Premaxilla mostly excluded from lateral view
Character 11: Maxilla: fossa muscularis. Modified from Berta ([5]: character 32), Berta ([11]: character 13), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 8), Kohno ([7]: character 7), Kohno ([9]: character 14), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 14), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 9).
0: Present
1: Absent
Character 12: Maxilla: nasolabialis fossa. Modified from Berta and Deméré ([4]: character 3), Berta ([5]: character 2), Berta ([11]: character 15), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 7), Kohno ([7]: character 12), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 12) Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 22), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 10).
0: Present and well developed
1: Absent or poorly developed
Character 13: Maxilla: surface of posterodorsal portion. Modified from Koretsky ([18]: character 12), Koretsky and Grigorescu ([19]: character 3), Koretsky and Holec ([20]: character 12), Koretsky and Rahmat ([21]: character 3), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 11).
0: Flat
1: Inflated
2: Inflated due to development of canines
Character 14: Maxillo-palatine suture: anterior edge. Modified from Bininda-Emonds and Russell ([12]: character 63), Churchill et al., ([1]: character 12).
0: Straight or M shaped
1: Polymorphic
2: Rounded
Character 15: Maxilla: diastema between upper P4 and M1. Modified from Barnes et al. ([2]: character 26), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 13).
0: Absent
1: Present
2: Present and greatly elongated
Character 16: Maxilla: diastema between upper M1 and M2. Modified from Berta and Deméré ([4]: character 21), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 14).
0: Absent
1: Polymorphic
2: Present
Character 17: Maxilla: Size of diastema between M1 and M2. Modified from Berta and Deméré ([4]: character 21), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 15).
0: Slight diastema
1: Polymorphic
2: Large diastema
Character 18: Maxilla: visibility of infraorbital foramen in lateral view. Modified from Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 11), Kohno ([9]: character 6), and Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 6), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 16).
0: Visible
1: Not visible
Character 19: Maxilla: embrasure pit between P4 and M1. Modified from Berta ([5]: character 34), Berta ([11]: character 3), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 14), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 17).
0: Deep
1: Shallow or absent
Character 20: Maxilla: palatine process. Modified from Berta ([5]: character 1), Berta ([3]: character 1), Deméré and Berta ([16]: character 3), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 18).
0: Terminates at last molar
1: Extends past anterior margin of temporal fossa
2: Extends to approximate level of postorbital process of zygomatic
3: Extends past the level of the postorbital process of zygomatic
Character 21: Rostrum: nasal-frontal suture. Modified from Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 4), Deméré ([14]: character 3, 4), Kohno ([7]: character 13), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 9), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 2), Deméré and Berta ([16]: character 3), Kohno ([9]: character 4), Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 17), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 4), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 19).
0: Transverse
1: V-shaped
2: W- shaped
Character 22: Nasals: anterior flaring. Modified from Berta and Deméré ([4]: character 26), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 16), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 20).
0: Lateral walls parallel and largely straight, with minor anterior flaring
1: Lateral wall concave, with extreme flaring of the anterior portion of the nasals
2: Nasals V-shaped, steadily widen anteriorly
Character 23: Nasals: extension of nasals into maxilla. Modified from Berta ([5]: character 48), Berta ([3]: character 17), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 5), Koretsky ([18]: character 11), Koretsky and Holec ([20]: character 12), Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 16).
0: Nasals extend to anterior margin of maxilla
1: Nasals penetrate far posteriorly between frontals
2: Nasals extend posteriorly past anterior margin of maxilla
Character 24: Palate: surface. Modified from Deméré ([14]: character 9), Kohno ([7]: character 22), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 26), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 6), Deméré and Berta ([16]: character 4), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 38), Kohno ([9]: character 9), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 9), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 21).
0: Flat to slightly concave
1: Polymorphic
2: Deeply concave
Character 25: Palate: length. Modified from Barnes et al. ([2]: character 41), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 22).
0: Long (53-60% BL)
1: Polymorphic
2: Short (45-52% BL)
3: Extremely Short (< 45% BL)
4: Extremely Long (> 60% BL)
Character 26: Palatine: shape of posterior edge. Modified from Churchill et al. ([1]: character 23).
0: Arched or triangular
1: Polymorphic
2: Straight
Character 27: Pterygoid: hamular process shape. Modified from Berta ([3]: character 10), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 22),
0: Rounded with convex lateral margin
1: Flat with concave lateral margin
Character 28: Pterygoid: hamular process. Modified from Deméré ([14]: character 12), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 28), Kohno ([9]: character 12), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 12), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 24).
0: Minor dorsoventral development
1: Enlarged, with extensive dorsoventral development
2: Absent
Character 29: Pterygoid: pterygoid strut. Modified from Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 22), Deméré ([14]: character 13), Kohno ([7]: character 3), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 5), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 7), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 27), Kohno ([9]: character 13), and Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 13).
0: Transversely thin
1: Transversely thickened
Character 30: Orbit: anterior margin. Modified from Barnes et al. ([2]: character 6), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 25).
0: Indistinct ridge connecting antorbital process with zygomatic arch
1: Low ridge connecting antorbital process with zygomatic arch
2: Ridge developed into prominent anterior plate
Character 31: Orbit: antorbital process. Modified from Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 16), Berta ([11]: character 14), Deméré ([14]: character 5), Kohno ([7]: character 8), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 30), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 4), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 40), Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 19), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 26).
0: Indistinct but present
1: Small ridge
2: Well-developed
Character 32: Orbit: construction of antorbital process. Modified from Deméré ([14]: character 6), Kohno ([9]: character 15), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 15), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 27).
0: From frontal and maxilla
1: From frontal only
2: From maxilla only
Character 33: Orbit: breadth of skull across antorbital processes. Modified from Churchill et al. ([1]: character 28).
0: ≤ Breadth of rostrum
1: < Breadth of rostrum
Character 34: Rostrum: frontal-maxilla suture. Modified from Deméré ([14]: character 4), Kohno ([7]: character 13), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 9), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 3), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 29).
0: V-shaped
1: Straight, transverse
2: Divergent, often with expansion of the frontal into maxilla as a lobe
Character 35: Frontal: constriction between braincase and orbital region in dorsal view. Modified from Wyss ([22]: character 34), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 18), Kohno ([7]: character 23), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 29), Kohno ([9]: character 17), Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 27), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 17), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 30).
0: Narrowest constriction between braincase and supraorbital processes
1: Narrowest constriction adjacent to anterior margin of braincase
2: Narrowest constriction between orbits and anterior to supraorbital process
Character 36: Frontal: shape of intertemporal margin. Modified from Barnes et al. ([2]: character 24), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 31).
0: Concave
1: Straight
Character 37: Frontal: supraorbital process shape. Modified from Berta and Deméré ([4]; character 2), Wyss ([13]: character 12), Berta ([5]: character 7), Berta ([11]: character 7), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 17), Deméré ([14]: character 7), Kohno ([7]: character 11), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 15), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 5), Deméré and Berta ([16]: character 8), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 9, 17), Kohno ([9]: character 16), Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 26), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 16), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 32).
0: Supraorbital ridge
1: Completely absent
2: Large; lateral margins expanded, giving supraorbital process a more rectangular shape
3: Polymorphic
4: Large and triangular
Character 38: Frontal: angle between supraorbital process and anterior orbital margin. Modified from Churchill et al. ([1]: character 33).
0: 60˚
1: Polymorphic
2: ≤ 60˚
Character 39: Frontal: anterior root of sagittal crest. Modified from Barnes et al. ([2]: character 21), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 34).
0: Crest emerges from region of the supraorbital processes, either from one point or slightly bifid
1: Anterior emergence of crest bifid, and preceded by prominent divergent crests that originate on the posterior portion of the supraorbital processes
Character 40: Lacrimal: fusion. Modified from Wyss ([13]: character 8), Berta ([5]: character 6), Berta ([11]: character 6), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 10), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 35).
0: Distinct, present
1: Indistinct, fuses early in ontogeny to maxilla and frontal
Character 41: Orbital vacuities: position. Modified from Wyss ([13]: character 28), Berta ([5]: character 33), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 12), Deméré ([14]: character 24), Kohno ([9]: character 20), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 20), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 36).
0: Absent
1: Present and anteriorly positioned
2: Present and posteriorly positioned
Character 42: Orbital vacuities: Extent of bone reduction. Modified from Wyss ([13]: character 28), Berta ([5]: character 33), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 12), Deméré ([14]: character 24), Kohno ([9]: character 20), Boessenecker and Churchill ([10]: character 20), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 37).
0: Minor, small foramen or fissure
1: Major, large foramen or greatly widened suture
Character 43: Zygomatic arch: ventral view. Modified from Barnes et al. ([2]: character 5), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 38).
0: Laterally bowed
1: Unbowed or slightly medially bowed
Character 44: Zygomatic arch: jugal-squamosal articulation. Modified from Wyss ([13]: character 18), Berta ([5]: character 50), Berta ([3]: character 9), Berta and Wyss ([6]: character 39), Deméré ([14]: character 20), Kohno ([7]: character 6), Kohno et al. ([8]: character 23), Deméré and Berta ([15]: character 9), Deméré and Berta ([16]: character 11), Barnes et al. ([2]: character 34), Amson and Muizon ([17]: character 25), Churchill et al. ([1]: character 39).