The World Begins

THE WORLD BEGINS

Name:

Date:

Period: Worksheet#1

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Vocabulary:

archaeologist: scientist who studies the past prehistoric: before written history religion: putting faith in a belief evolution: scientific concept that man evolved from apes environment: your surroundings

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earlier archaeologist begin written

How did the world begin? How did it become what it is today? For ages scientist,

and people like you have asked these questions. During the last few thousand years people have kept records of what happened. But what about still times? What happened then?

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creatures prehistoric records fossils world

No one knows for certain what took place long ago, before were kept. Those times are called , which means "before written history." In order to figure out what happened in prehistoric times, people study , which are the remains of old bones, and other kinds of evidence. From these clues they try to guess what kinds of used to live in the world, and what the was like back then.

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hunches theories evidence

Many of the guesses, or , that people have made about the prehistoric world are probably true. Many more, however, are less certain, and some are still . Sometimes even the theories that seem most certain must be changed when new is discovered.

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questions discoveries past

Someday new may change people's minds about the theories presented here. The only thing that is for sure, it seems, is that people will never stop asking

about Earth's prehistoric .

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LIFE BEGINS

science Earth you religion evolution

Depending on what believe, there are many different ways life began on. One is based on , starting with the creation of Adam and Eve, and another is based on with the concept of .

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devil paradise God Adam eat threw

According to one religion, created the Earth in six days and rested on the seventh. After the earth was created he brought to life, then Eve. Both were given

to live forever, but God told both Adam and Eve that they were free to live as they wished in paradise, as long as they did not any fruit from the "Tree of Knowledge." They both agreed, but one day Eve was tempted by the and ate the fruit. When God found out he both of them out of paradise, thus all of us were created.

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Earth science Big Bang

According to , the creation of the Universe happened over 15 billion years ago with what is termed the “ ” theory. When this bang occurred the stars, galaxies and planets were created, one being .

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theory billion Evolution two creature

Life on Earth began with a process called "." The first living things were tiny creatures, drifting in the sea over three and one half years ago. Eventually this tiny creature reproduced itself by dividing in , which started the process of life as scientists know it today. According to the of evolution, all living things descended from that tiny .

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surroundings prey living evolved populated environment mates

Slowly, more and more living things the seas. As time passed, some changed, or , into new and different life forms. Together, all the external factors that affect plants and living creatures are called its . An environment is more than just a place where something lives. It includes the other things present. Some creatures

upon others. Some compete with others for food, territory, or . Some are helpful to others. Some affect each other indirectly by causing changes in each other's

. Natural forces like volcanoes and earthquakes can cause changes in surroundings, too.

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350 million sea amphibians water

The first life to leave the were plants and insects, but about years ago, began crawling on land. Amphibians are creatures that spend part of their lives in and part on land.

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The Beginning of Civilization

Worksheet #2

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Vocabulary:

Crop: The plants that are gathered each year from a farm.Excavate: Undercover by digging or unearthing

Harvesting: A time for cutting and bringing in grain and other crops.

Nomads: A member of a group of people who wander from place to place.

Sow: To put seeds in the ground so they can grow.Village: A group of houses and other buildings that is smaller than a town.

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Fertile Crescent Iraq developed hunting 10,000 B.C. nomads

The earliest people were called who traveled from place to place

animals and collecting wild plants to eat. Then slowly a more settle way of life

, based on farming. This transition occurred in different places at different times. It seems to have happened first about in a part of the Middle East that historians call the . This is the area now occupied by Turkey, Syria, Iran and . Knowledge of farming probably spread as people gradually moved into new areas.

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The First Farmers

wind year food people harvest

A large patch of edible wild grasses could provide a group of nomads with for months. After harvesting, the grasses grew again from seeds sown by the , encouraging the group to return to the area year after year. At some point began to sow the seeds deliberately, to ensure a crop the following . This committed them to staying in one place in order to tend and their crop.

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First Villages

homes settled improve

Once the new farmers had established a way of life, they began to build themselves permanent from mud and straw. They also developed other new skills to their lives.

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The First Towns

developed population limit babies carry towns

Nomadic women could only one small child at a time, and so they had to

the number of children they had, if necessary even killing unwanted . However, once people had settled in villages, they could try to rear all their children and the

began to increase. Some small communities prospered and grew into

, though little is known about how this way of life , as very few towns have been excavated.

OUR EARLY ANCESTORS

worksheet#3

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Vocabulary:

fossils: bones of ancient creatures such as dinosaursAustralopithecine: first type of human ancestor

Homo Habilis: 2nd type of human ancestorHomo Erectus: 3rd type of human ancestor

Cro-Magnon: 4th type of human ancestorHomo Sapiens: modern man

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ago known oldest 3.75

Lucy belongs to the oldest group of human ancestors, which are also as australopithecine’s. Various groups of australopithecine lived between million and 1 million years .

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uncovered eastern 1924 fossil discovered humanlike

Archaeologists haveaustralopithecine fossils throughout Africa. The first such

discovered, a child's skull, was at Taung, in South Africa. A scientist who made this very important discovery in was the first to recognize the

features of australopithecine. In the 1950s another scientist found more fossils in Africa.

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instinct early modern with There brains teeth

are some scientists who disagree about the direct descendants of early humans

modern humans. Scientists do agree that the direct descendants of

man is Homo Habilis. This descendent of man lived from about 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago. These early ancestors had larger and more humanlike and jaws than australopithecine’s. Still Homo Habilis was not an intelligent creature, mostly relying on

than reason.

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humanlike descendants another brain Asia

Homo habilis gave rise to type of early human called Homo Erectus. Homo erectus were one of the first of humans besides Lucy that actually stood on two legs. They had a large and made more complex tools than previous creatures. Homo erectus is believed to be the first creature to leave Africa and travel as nomads. Fossils of these creatures that date as far back as 750,000 years ago have been found in .

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called Homo Sapiens humans years

By about 200,000 ago, Homo Erectus had died out. At around the same time, modern arose. Modern scientists call these creatures . This means "wise humans." You, are a member of this group Homo Sapiens.

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anything look Scientists earliest Germany eyes

The known Homo Sapiens fossils were found in Germany and, are about 150,000 years old. called these fossils Neanderthal, because they were found in the NeanderValley in . Although scientist say that these Neanderthal fossils are modern humans, they did not exactly like modern man. They had a very large bony skull, especially above their , and they had a jaw that stuck out, not

like your jaw.

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instinct when continents fossils humanlike creatures brains ability

The first fossils were found in France. Scientist called these Cro-Magnon. The date back from about 40,000 years ago. Scientists have also found Cro-Magnon fossils on other in the world, including Africa and Asia. Scientifically ancient man evolved into the next creature, their became larger, allowing these creatures the to start using their brain rather than their .

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Tool-making Scientist Old Stone Age

began with Homo Habilis about 2.5 million years ago.

mark this period as the beginning of the Paleolithic Age, or what is commonly known as the .

LUCY EARLY ANCESTORS

Worksheet #4

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Archaeologist: Scientist who studies the past.Chimpanzee: monkey that lives in Africa

Primitive: before the written languageBeatles: 60s rock and roll groupHypothesis: educated guess

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Something terrific happenedto Don Johanson, an archaeologist. On November 30,

he and fellow scientist Tom Geary discovered the bones of an exceptionally complete

of an early human ancestor. At the time of his discovery he was listening to the

and it just so happened that a song by the rock and roll group the “Beatles” called "Lucy in the sky with diamonds" was . Johanson singing the song to himself, named his discovery “ ."

is over 3 million years old and one of the oldest skeletons found by

today. Her head was about the size of a baseball, so her brain when she was alive

quite small. What was amazing to Geary and Johanson, about their new discovery was the fact that Lucy walked on two instead of four, just like toady’s modern humans. By studying Lucy, have learned a lot about how our ancestors may have lived.

Archaeologists learn about human cultures by studying the artifacts left behind. Using modern scientific and archaeological techniques, archaeologists historians are able to put together a good hypothesis of how man lived thousands of years

. The interesting part about studying the past, is the farther you go back in

the more difficult it is to find artifacts. learn about the past and our

ancestors, archaeologist must look at fossils, bones, and other artifacts and study them .

Archaeologists almost never complete skeletons of early human ancestors.

they usually find bits and pieces of bone fragments, sometimes so that it takes a trained eyed to recognize a piece of bone from an ordinary . Once bone fragments are found archaeologists to put the pieces together other fragments, something like putting together a million piece jigsaw .

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chimpanzee size died hours They she

Geary and Johanson spent many putting the bones of Lucy together. discovered that Lucy was three feet five inches tall, and from the shape of her pelvis that this discovery was in fact female. The archaeologists also discovered by the position of her legs

did not walk on all four but two, and was approximately 25 years old when she . The most important discovery learned was the size of her brain, it was estimated that it was about the of a hand ball. This is important to know because the scientists could hypothesize that her intelligence was that of today’s modern .

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Worksheet#5

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Vocabulary:

Mammals: creatures that give birth to their young and are warm blooded. Africa: on of the seven continents in the world.

Plains: large flat area of land. Australopithecine: the first type of humanoid creature to be discovered.

Homo Erectus: second type of humanoid creature to be discovered.

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monkeys South America development

In Africa and in South America, mammals called primates evolved from small primitive shrew like creatures into many varieties of . In South America, monkeys remained in the trees, but in Africa, their did not stop there.

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trees changing 30 plains

Nearly million years ago the climate in Africa began . Forests began to thin out, leaving wide-open grassy plains. Some apes, which had evolved from the monkeys, began to live in the instead of in the .

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weapons 20 Australopithecine women East Africa humans

By million years ago the earliest ancestors of man, , appeared. They continued to develop, showing more and more signs of becoming men and . Finally, about two million years ago, some of the Australopithecine living in began to make tools from stones, build simple shelters, and use long bones as . They were the first .

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HOMO ERECTUS

apes continental Eurasia mammals environment

About 20 million years ago drift carried Africa back into contact with . Once the way was open, many African mammals, including members of the elephant family, porcupines, and , spread to Europe and Asia, while rhinoceroses, cats, jackals, antelope, and other entered Africa. These animals continued to evolve and adapt in their new .

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evolve crossed Africa Homo Erectus

Australopithecine's also into Eurasia. By six million years ago these creatures spread far and wide across and Eurasia, continuing to everywhere they went. New humans who descended from Australopithecine about 1.75 million years ago were called .

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warmth fire creatures control tool

Homo Erectus were the first to discover the use of , and eventually learned to make and it. Fire gave Homo Erectus light and . Fire cooked his food, but eventually, Homo Erectus learned that fire was more a unlike any other.

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HUNTERS AND GATHERERS

Worksheet #6

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Vocabulary:

Ice Age: period of world history in which the earth was covered in ice.

Homo Erectus: second type of humanoid creature to be discovered

Hunter-gatherers: early humans that moved place to place hunting and gathering food

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humanoids Alaska Southern Ice Age years world groups

For hundreds of thousands of yearsduring the glacial periods of the , the climate in most of the Northern Hemisphere was much colder than today. Europe, which now has a warm climate, was as cold as northern is today. To survive in the harsh , people had to learn how to use fire. Archaeological evidence shows that of Homo Erectus who lived in the colder parts of Europe and Asia were among the first to discover the advantages of building and using fire.

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Early Fire warmth

was important to Homo Erectus for may reasons. It provided and scared off dangerous animals. humanoids used fire to also roast raw meat, making it tastier and easier to digest.

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plants humanoids fire Homo Erectus

By studying pits and other remains, from ancient camp sites, archaeologists have learned a lot about how lived. Like all other Paleolithic peoples, these early were hunter-gatherers. They hunted wild animals and gathered wild

for food.

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language traps animals During bands together

Homo Erectus lived in of small, loosely organized groups of perhaps 20 to 30 individuals. the year, they moved over a wide area, searching for ripe plants and following migrating . Evidence from archeological sites in Spain indicated that groups of Homo Erectus worked to drive large animals, such as elephants, rhinos, and wild oxen, into . Coordinating such group hunting must have required some type of social organization and probably some type of

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France Terra Amata camp row

Let's visit a site called in the Mediterranean coast of southern

. Here Homo Erectus set up a every spring for several years in a .

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Terra Amata

site buildings Your Early apartment

first view of Terra Amata might give you a shock. All you would see are modern , several stories high, surrounded by busy streets. humans camped on this spot, where the modern city of Nice, France, now stands. Before the

went up, archaeologist studied this in detail.

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branches archaeologist 20 support

The first thing found in Terra Amata was the foundation of a hut, large enough to sleep about people. The hut was most likely built of sturdy , with stones around the base of the hut for .

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