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MID-YEAR EXAMINATION 2008
SUBJECT : / Combined Humanities (2192/3)History (Elective)
LEVEL : / Sec 4 Express
DATE : / 2 May 2008
DURATION : / 1 hr 30 min (7.45 am - 9.15 am)
MAXIMUM MARK / 50
SETTER / Alan Au Yong
Instructions to candidates:
1 / Write your name, index number on every sheet of writing paper.2 / Answer Question 1 from Section A and onequestion from Section B.
3 / Write your answers on the writing paper provided.
4 / If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together.
Information for Candidates
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
______
This paper consists of 5 pages including this cover page
Section A (Source-based Case Study)
Study all parts of Question 1. In answering the questions, you should use your knowledge and understanding of the period to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. You must use the sources to which you are specifically directed, but you may use any of the other sources where they are helpful.
Question 1 – Rise of Authoritarian Regimes: Case Study of Nazi Germany
1(a)Study Source A.
What does the source tell you about Hitler’s foreign policy? Explain your answer. [5]
(b)Study Source B.
Does this source prove that the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain was right in wanting peace? Explain your answer. [6]
(c)Study Sources D.
How reliable is Source D in responding to the rise of authoritarian regimes in Europe?Explain your answer. [7]
(d)Study all sources.
How useful are the sources in helping you to understand the importance of the policy of appeasement in Europe? Explain your answer. [7]
Background Information
Source A
Europe can look forward to a Christmas of peace! (Hitler)
- Deutschland Uber Alles” (translated means Germany Over All)
- Countries under ‘Ex French-British Family’: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Jugoslavia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey.
- David Low’s cartoon was published in Evening Standard (10th October 1938)
- Source:
Source B
A radio broadcast by Chamberlain in September 1938
Source C
A critique against the predecessor of Neville Chamberlain…
Source D
Adapted from
Source D
A speech by Stanley Baldwin
Source E
Source:
Section B (Structure Essay Question)
Answer only ONE question e.g. Q. 2 (a) and (b) from this section.
2The Rise of Authoritarian Regimes: Case Study – Communist Russia
(a) Do you think the impact of World War 1 was the main reason for the rise of Communism in Russia? Explain your answer. [12]
(b)“The Russian people benefited largely from collectivization in the Soviet Union under Stalin.” Do you agree? Explain your answer.13]
3The Breakdown of World Order: War in the Asia Pacific
(a)Do you think the reluctance of the West to go to war was the main reason for the outbreak of war in the Asia Pacific? Explain your answer. [12]
(b)“Japan’s foreign policy was a total failure from 1931 to 1941.” Do you agree? Explain your answer. [13]
4The Outbreak and Escalation of the Cold War
(a)Do you think ideological differences between the USA and the
USSR was the main reason for the Cold War? Explain your
answer. [12]
(b) “The outbreak of the Korean War was due to the fear of the US
that Communist China would spread its influence to Korea and
beyond.” Do you agree? Explain your answer.
[13]
End of paper
MARK SCHEME FOR HISTORY (ELECTIVE) PAPER 2192/3 SEC 4 E
Section A: Source Based Question (25m)
Question 1: Rise of Authoritarian Regimes: Case Study of Nazi Germany
(a)Study Source A.
What does the source tell you about Hitler’s foreign policy? Explain your answer. [5]
Level 1 / 1 m / Describes the cartoon, no valid interpretation.e.g. There are many babies waiting to be dumped into a sack by Hitler dressed like Santa..
Level 2 / 2 m / Denies that the cartoon has anything to do with Hitler’s foreign policy.
e.g. It does not show anything why Hitler wanted to adopt an expansionist foreign policy. It just shows Hitler wanting to realize his dream of Lebensraum or creating more living space for German-speaking people.
Level 3 / 3-4 m / Valid interpretations about Hitler’s expansionist foreign policy
Award 3 marks for one explanation, and 4 marks for two.
e.g. It tells me that Hitler wanted to expand Germany by dumping babies belonging to the ex French-British Family into the sack labeled Deutschland Uber Alles or Germany Over All. This is because Hitler knew the League of Nations represented by Britain and France did not want a war with Germany and thus, seize the opportunity to expand German control over states such as Austria and, Czechoslovakia. He also wanted to teach the League of Nations a lesson for imposing an unfair peace treaty on Germany at Versailles after World War I.
Level 4 / 4-5 m / Valid interpretations about Hitler’s motives for adopting an aggressive foreign policy
Award 4 marks for a valid interpretation, and 5 marks if the interpretation has support from the cartoon.
e.g. I think Hitler knew Britain and France did not want to risk a war due to their economic problems back home and thus, would be willing to give in to his demands for more territory. The cartoon shows Hitler dressed like Santa dumping babies representing countries controlled by the ‘Ex French British Family’ and this tells me Hitler had no respect for the League of Nations and unlike Santa who would be handing out gifts during Christmas, Hitler is shown collecting these ‘gifts’ in the form of new born babes that once belonged to the League. The title ‘Europe can look forward to a Chrismas at peace!’ is ironical because it was clear Hitler, by adopting an expansionist foreign policy, was preparing for war. The cartoonist is probably hinting at the failure of the appeasement policy adopted by the League of Nations due to Hitler’s ability to deceive them into believing Germany would agree to peace in Europe.
(b) Study Source B.
Does this source prove that the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, was right in wanting peace? Explain your answer. [6]
Level 1 / 1m / Unsupported assertions.e.g. Yes it does. That’s what it says.
OR
Answer based on provenance only
e.g. No, it does not prove because it was a radio broadcast made to win the support of the British people.
Level 2 / 2-3m / Answers based on source content.
Award 2 marks for identifying relevant material in the source, and 3 marks if this is further explained.
e.g. Yes, it doesbecause Chamberlain says “I am a man of peace from the depths of my heart” (2 marks) and the reason is he does not favour fighting wars “in a far away country between peoples of whom we know nothing.” (3 marks)
Level 3 / 4-5m / Cross-reference to other sources.
Award 4 marks for yes, Chamberlain was right and 5 marks for no, it was his mistake or blunder.
-e.g. Yes, it does prove that Chamberlain was right in wanting peace because, as Source D points out, if he had wanted war, he would most certainly have lost the election. Source C does not say Chamberlain was wrong in wanting peace but puts the blame on Stanley Brown instead for not stopping German rearmament. This is also partly supported in Source E which states the policy of appeasement gave time for Britain to rearm, gave Britain high morale as Britons knew they had done everything possible to keep the peace and prevented the deaths of millions of people in a war.
OR
-e.g. No, it shows Chamberlain’s mistake in appeasing Hitler as Source A shows Hitler was adopting an aggressive expansionist policy and dumping babies that once belonged to the League of Nations. This is partly supported in Source E which states Hitler was able to grow stronger and this, in turn, humiliated Britain as no country in central Europe would ever trust Britain again for giving in to Hitler’s demands.
Level 4 / 6 m / Use of cross-reference to contextual knowledge of the Appeasement Policy.
-e.g. Yes, Chamberlain did delay a war with Germany as he wanted to avoid a repetition of World War I.This was due to the enormous waste of resources particularly loss of manpower which could have been used more productively to ensure a more lasting peace. Furthermore, Chamberlain knew he could not save Czechoslovakia because Britain did not have the resources to defend it. Neither was Britain able, at that point, to get the USA to support the League of Nations. With no military support and economic problems back home, it was probably the right move for Chamberlain to allow Hitler to annex largely German-speaking Sudetenland.
-No, Chamberlain made a blunder to appease Hitler because it was clear, at the Munich Conference, that Germany had no wish to disarm. Although StanleyBaldwin was Prime Minister from 1935 to 1937, he should have learnt from lessons of the past that Hitler was not to be underestimated. He had re-occupied the Rhineland in March 1936 and was supporting General Franco in the Spanish Civil War in 1936 which could only result in the strengthening of Fascist Powers in Europe. Even if Britain was unable to stop Hitler from invading Czechoslovakia and ultimately Poland, Chamberlain could have taken a stronger stand to warn Germany against an attack on smaller states.
(c)Study Source D.
Is it fair to describe Hitler and Mussolini as “lunatics”? Explain your answer. [7]
Level 1 / 1m / Unsupported Assertions.E.g.Yes, both are ‘lunatics’ as they were both power crazy.
Answer based on provenance.
E.g. No, both men were sane and the speaker is biased.
Level 2 / 2-3 m / Answer supporting both men are lunatics based on source content.
Award 2 marks for one validinference and 3 marks for 2 or more valid inferences.
-E.g. Yes, Source D says “Germany was rearming” and insinuates that both Hitler and Mussolini were actually capable of starting another war. This is supported in Source C which also mentions “German rearmament”, Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland in March 1936, and Fascist involvement in the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Source E also states appeasement by the League had actually encouraged Hitler “to think he could do anything” and that he was “determined to go to war”.
.
Level 3 / 4-5 m / Makes Cross references to information in the background information / contextual knowledge.
Award 5 marks for one explanation, and 6 marks for two
E.g. .In addition to source details, the background information also tells us about a strong and united Germany and the Italian campaign against Abyssinia in 1933. However, it does not say they are mad. Rather, it says both men have big dreams that one day, their country would be great again. For example, Mussolini believed Italy could “re-establish the greatness of the Roman Empire by gaining control of the Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, Source A shows Hitler was somewhat like a ‘lunatic’ dropping babies into the sack entitled “Germany Over All”. The cartoonist is hinting that Hitler was ruthless in his use of power and would do anything to take back what Germany saw as part of Greater Germany.
Level 4 / 6-7 m / Explains purpose and tone of Source D.
E.g. The purpose of Source D is to justify why Britain should not get involved in a war with the Fascist powers. The tone is convincing as Stanley Baldwin was sure he would not have been able to win votes of the Britons if he had taken a more aggressive stand towards Hitler and Mussolini whom he described as ‘lunatics’ or mad men. The reasons why Baldwin decided to appease Hitler is because Britain might not have won the war against a rearmed Germany and also because a war would be far too expensive and lead to a further drain of resources from the League. So, for Britain, it was fair to assume Hitler and Mussolini would be mad enough to go to war if their demands were not met.
(d)Study all sources. How useful are the sources in helping you understand the importance of the policy of appeasement in Europe? Explain your answer. [7]
L1 / 1-2 m / Simple Assertion with no support from the sources.-Yes, the League did not want to go to war with Germany.
OR
No, Hitler would still have gone to war with or without the appeasement policy.
L2 / 3-4 m / Identifies reasons why the appeasement policy is useful or not useful.
Award 3 marks for information from one source and 4 marks for 2 or more sources.
Useful
e.g. The appeasement policy kept Britain out of war (Source D) and also gave Britain time to re-arm (Source E).
Not useful
e.g. Hitler would continue to press on with his ‘Germany Over All’ campaign (Source A). The appeasement policy also ‘let Hitler become stronger’ as it led him to think ‘he could do anything’. (Source E).
L3 / 5-7 m / Explains why sources are useful or not useful.
Award 5 marks for one explanation for useful or not useful, 6 marks for one explanation for both useful and not useful and 7 marks for two explanations, stating both useful and not useful.
Useful because…
e.g The appeasement policy kept Britain out of war (Source D)and had Britain’s decision been to war against Germany, the loss of lives would have been enormous on both sides.By adopting a policy of appeasement, it gave Britain time to prepare for a war and also to persuade USA to join the war on its side. (5 marks)
AND not useful because…
e.g. Hitler would continue to press on because he believed the Versailles Treaty was an unfair peace imposed on Germany by the ‘ex French-British Family’ (Source A), and vouched to take revenge by taking back territories that once belonged to the Austrian-Habsburg empire such as Austria and Czechoslovakia. Furthermore, Hitler was determined to go to war (Source E) because he wanted to fulfill his dream of Lebensraum or creating more living space for all German-speaking people in Europe. (6 marks)
L4 / 8 m / As L3 but also addresses the question of importance of the appeasement policy for Britain.
E.g. Chamberlain believed he should be ‘a man of peace’ and would do all he could to stay out of the war which could only lead to greater loss of lives. Chamberlain did not want to see a repetition of losses during World War 1 which saw some 7 million Britons killed in battle. He also knew neither France nor Britain was ready for war without the military support of the USA and that the slightest provocation on his part would give Hitler the excuse to conquer Europe faster than he had anticipated. (7 marks)
Section B (Structured Essay Question)
2The Rise of Authoritarian Regimes: Case Study – Communist Russia
(a) Do you think the impact of World War 1 was the main reason for the rise of Communism in Russia? Explain your answer. [12]
L1 / 1 /Merely identifies the impact of World War 1 without focusing on the rise of Communism in Russia
Award 1 mark for stating 1 impact and 2 marks for more than 1.E.g. Many Russians were killed during World War 1 and the poor had no land and no bread.
L2 / 2-4 /
Describes the impact of World War I on Russians and the rise of Communism in Russia
E.g.
- Many poorly trained and equipped Russian soldiers were killed fighting against the Germans and this led many soldiers to desert the Tsar’s army to join the Red Army
- Landless peasant farmers who suffered under the wealthy landlords were given land by the Communist government to grow crops
- Many Russians who starved during the war years supported Lenin who promised them more bread.
L3
/ 4-7 /Explains the main impact of World War I that led to the rise of Communism in Russia
E.g. L2 + any one of the following:- Weakness of Tsar Nicholas II- He failed to consult his advisers and went ahead with his decision to war against Germany. As a result, many Russian soldiers were killed due to poor preparations for the war. This caused the Russians to lose faith in the Tsar and led them to support Lenin and the Bolshevik Party during the October 1917 Revolution..
- The Provisional Governmentwhich took over the Tsar was unpopular as it comprised many rich nobles who were not ready to give up their lands. This also led to more people joining the Red Army led byLeon Trotsky, who staged a revolution in October 1917.
- The increasing power of the soviets or workers’ councils also led to the rise of Communism. Stalin led the Petrograd Soviet and other soviets to recruit more workers in the cities to champion for a more equal society.
- The starvation of Russians, mostly women and children, led many to join the Bolshevik Party.There was not enough food in the countryside which was used up to feed the soldiers during the war. The shortage of food in cities was worsened by the inability of the railway system to distribute food quickly to affected areas.
- Leninprovided the leadership that was responsible for the rise of Communism. His slogan ‘More peace, more land, more bread’ became the rallying cry of Russians to want a change of government.
- Inflation led to prices rising sharply between 1914 and 1916. Although the average worker’s wages doubled, the prices of basic foods such as bread and potatoes increased three to five times. The Tsar’s inability to control inflation also led to dissatisfaction of the people and this, in turn, led many to join the Bolsheviks.
L4
/ 7-10 /Explains two other factors leading to the rise of Communism in Russia
E.g. The rise of Communism was not only due to the weakness of the Tsar. Rather, it is because of the failure of the Provisional Government, the Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War.- The Provisional Governmentfailed to carry out land reforms as most members were rich nobles who owned land. The Russian people were unhappy about the slow pace of land redistribution. This led the farmers to chase the wealthy landowners away.
- The Petrograd Soviet which took charge of the city’s food supplies won the support of the Russians by giving them more food. The Provisional Government could not match the Petrograd Soviet which was far more successful in recruiting new members to the team.
- Lenin’s leadership was also another factor as he wasted no time to fight for more land and bread for the Russian people as well as an end to war. He was the driving force behind the Bolshevik Party and the October Revolution of 1917. Although he was arrested for going against the Tsar, he was
L5