Supplemental Materials:

Supplemental Table 1: Univariate analysis for the association with the presence of baseline LV dysfunction

Characteristic / Odds ratio for LV dysfunction (95% CI) / LR test p-value
Demographics
Age – per 1 year increase / 1.02 (1.00, 1.06) / 0.037
Female sex / 0.51 (0.22, 1.17) / 0.107
Medical history
History of hypertension / 1.08 (0.46, 2.53) / 0.853
History of diabetes / 0.74 (0.18, 3.07) / 0.678
History of atrial fibrillation / 3.62 (0.98, 13.32) / 0.048
History of CHF – / n/a* / n/a*
Medications
Beta blocker / 1.97 (0.84, 4.63) / 0.114
Antiarrhythmic* / 2.32 (0.77, 7.04) / 0.136
ACE-inhibitor/ARB – / 7.74 (3.12, 19.16) / <0.001
Loop diuretic / 2.82 (0.45, 17.72) / 0.262
Symptoms
Asymptomatic / 3.82 (1.49, 9.77) / 0.005
Palpitations/skipped beats / 0.21 (0.09, 0.51) / <0.001
Other symptoms† / 1.90 (0.74, 4.89) / 0.182
Holter monitoring
% VPDs – per 1% increase / 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) / 0.340
VPDs/24h – per 1000 increase / 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) / 0.774
NSVT ≥5 beats / 0.85 (0.34, 2.12) / 0.724
Electrocardiographic parameters
Sinus QRS width – per 10ms increase / 1.59 (1.16, 2.18) / 0.001
VPD QRS width – per 10ms increase / 9.24 (3.75, 22.77) / <0.001
Sinus cycle length – per 10ms increase / 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) / 0.210
VPD coupling interval – per 10 ms increase / 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) / 0.001
VPD site
Septal vs. non-septal / 0.81 (0.42, 1.58) / 0.530
Outflow tract vs. non-outflow tract / 0.51 (0.20, 1.33) / 0.172
LV vs. RV site / 2.44 (0.93, 6.41) / 0.060

*No patient with normal LV function had a history of congestive heart failure.

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; LR, likelihood ratio; LV, left ventricle; NSVT, non-sustained VT; RV, right ventricle SD, standard deviation; VPD, premature ventricular contraction.

Supplemental table 2: Univariate analysis for the association with reversibility of LV dysfunction

Characteristic / Odds ratio for partially reversible/irreversible LV dysfunction (95% CI) / LR test p-value
Demographics
Age – per 1 year increase / 0.99 (0.94, 1.03) / 0.534
Female sex / 1.25 (0.31, 5.08) / 0.756
Medical history
History of hypertension / 1.25 (0.31, 5.08) / 0.756
History of diabetes / 0.92 (0.08, 11.18) / 0.945
History of atrial fibrillation / 1.50 (0.28, 8.04) / 0.638
History of CHF / 0.92 (0.08, 11.18) / 0.945
Medications
Beta blocker / 0.53 (0.13, 2.27) / 0.397
Antiarrhythmic* / 2.22 (0.45, 10.94) / 0.328
ACE-inhibitor/ARB / 1.13 (0.26, 4.80) / 0.873
Loop diuretic / 0.92 (0.08, 11.18) / 0.945
Symptoms
Asymptomatic / 0.88 (0.22, 3.48) / 0.849
Palpitations/skipped beats / 1.08 (0.25, 4.70) / 0.919
Other symptoms† / 1.08 (0.25, 4.70) / 0.919
Holter monitoring
% VPDs – per 1% increase / 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) / 0.031
VPDs/24h – per 1000 increase / 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) / 0.248
NSVT ≥5 beats / 1.52 (0.32, 7.15) / 0.595
Echocardiography
LV ejection fraction – per 1% increase / 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) / 0.346
LV diastolic dimension – per 0.1 cm increase / 1.91 (0.76, 4.79) / 0.145
Documented decrease in LV ejection fraction / 0.32 (0.03, 3.18) / 0.294
Electrocardiographic parameters
Sinus QRS width – per 10ms increase / 1.42 (0.97, 2.09) / 0.053
VPD QRS width – per 10ms increase / 5.24 (1.39, 19.66) / <0.001
Sinus cycle length – per 10ms increase / 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) / 0.295
VPD coupling interval – per 10 ms increase / 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) / 0.687
VPD site
Septal vs. non-septal / 0.46 (0.13, 1.65) / 0.198
Outflow tract vs. non-outflow tract / 2.05 (0.43, 9.78) / 0.356
LV vs. RV site / 0.74 (0.14, 3.99) / 0.728

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; LV, left ventricle; LR, likelihood ratio; NSVT, non-sustained VT; RV, right ventricle; SD, standard deviation; VPD, premature ventricular contraction.