Chapter 9Addressing Population Issues
Overview of Chapter 9
oPopulation and Quality of Life
•Population and Chronic Hunger
•Economic Effects of Population Growth
oReducing the Total Fertility Rate
•Culture and Fertility
•Social and Economic Status of Women
•Family Planning Services
oGovernment Policies and Fertility
•China, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Europe
oAchieving Population Stabilization
Population and Quality of Life
oDifficult to meet basic needs in developing countries
oProblems associated with overpopulation:
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Carrying Capacity
oCarrying Capacity (K)
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Population and Chronic Hunger
oFood security
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oEffects of Chronic Hunger
oSolving the Food Problem
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Economic Effects of Population Growth
oTwo viewpoints from economists:
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oMost observations support the second viewpoint
oDevelopmental efforts are also hampered by debt from past development attempts
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Three major influences on total fertility rate
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Cultural Traditions
oCulture influences and controls individuals’ behaviors
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oCouple is expected to have large number of children
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oChildren often work in family business
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Social & Economic Status of Women
oGender inequality is common worldwide
oDisparities
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Educational Opportunities and Fertility
oWomen with more education
•Marry later
•Have fewer children
Family Planning Services
oIn many countries men make reproductive decisions regarding contraceptives
oFamily planning services offer information to both men and women on:
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Contraceptive Use among Married Women of Reproductive Age
Government Policies and Fertility-China
oLargest population in the world
oControversial Family Planning Policy
•1971- Chinese Government pursued birth control seriously
•1979- Incentives to promote later marriages and one-child families
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oLaw – controversial and unpopular
•Compromised freedom of choice
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Government Policy and Fertility-India
oSevere population pressure
•1950- first country with government-sponsored family planning
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•1976- introduced incentives and compulsory sterilization
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•Recent years- government focused on education
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Government Policy and Fertility-Mexico
oYoung age structure
•Huge potential for population growth: 33% of population is under age 15
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•1974-
•Very successful
Government Policy and Fertility-Nigeria
oPopulation challenge
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oVery high reproductive potential: 43% of population is less than age 15
oCurrent National Population Policy
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Government Policy and Fertility- Europe
oPopulation concern
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oDecrease in population could cause decrease economic growth
Achieving Population Stabilization
oHow can developing country governments help?
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•Especially for women
oHow can developed country governments help?
•Provide financial support
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