Name ______Period ______Date ______

Topic 6: Human Physiology Review Questions

6.1 Digestion and Absorption

  1. What is the purpose of the contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles in the small intestine?
  2. What is the function of the pancreas?
  3. How are macromolecules in food broken into monomers in the small intestine?
  4. Explain the purpose of villi in the intestine.
  5. How does glucose cross into the villi and then the blood capillary?
  6. How do fatty acids cross into the villi and then into the lacteal?
  7. Explain the process of starch digestion from the mouth to the liver.
  8. Draw and label a diagram of the digestive system.
  9. Be able to identify tissue layers of the small intestine. →→

6.2 The Blood System

  1. Describe the structure and function of arteries.
  2. Which components of arteries help maintain blood pressure between pump cycles?
  3. Describe the structure and function of capillaries.
  4. Describe the structure and function of veins.
  5. What is the purpose of valves in the veins?
  6. Be able to identify blood vessels such as arteries, capillaries and veins from diagrams.
  7. Be able to label the heart and trace the flow of blood through the heart.
  8. How do pressures change in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle?
  9. Differentiate between systemic and pulmonary circulation.
  10. Which cells initiate heartbeat and where are they located?
  11. How does the sinoatrial node act as a pacemaker?
  12. How does the sinoatrial node work?
  13. Which part of the brain is influential in increasing and decreasing heart rate?
  14. What is the purpose of epinephrine?
  15. Explain William Harvey’s discovery of circulation.
  16. Describe the causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries.

6.3 Defense against infectious disease

  1. What are two examples of the body’s primary defense against disease?
  2. Explain the process of blood clotting.
  3. What are the causes and consequences of blood clots in coronary arteries?
  4. Are pathogens being ingested by phagocytic white blood cells an example of specific or non-specific defense?
  5. What is an example of a specific immunity response?
  6. Do antibiotics block processes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? How?
  7. Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?
  8. How does antibiotic resistance develop?
  9. What is HIV?
  10. How does HIV affect the immune system?
  11. How is HIV transmitted?
  12. Describe Florey and Chain’s experiments on mice.

6.4 Gas Exchange

  1. Describe the concentration gradients maintained by ventilation.
  2. Describe the structure and function of Type 1 pneumocytes.
  3. Describe the structure and function of Type 2 pneumocytes.
  4. Name the parts of the respiratory system as air travels to the lungs.
  5. Muscle contractions cause ______changes inside the ______that force air in and out of the ______to ventilate them.
  6. Why are there different muscles used for inspiration and expiration?
  7. Explain why external and internal intercostal muscles are examples of antagonistic muscles.
  8. Explain why abdominal muscles and the diaphragm are examples of antagonistic muscles.
  9. Outline the causes and consequences of lung cancer.
  10. Outline the causes and consequences of emphysema.

6.5 Neurons and synapses

  1. What is the function of neurons?
  2. Explain the purpose of myelination of nerve fibers.
  3. To establish a neurons resting potential, which way are sodium and potassium ions pumped?
  4. Outline an action potential including depolarization and repolarization.
  5. Be able to identify resting and action potentials on a graph.
  6. What is a nerve impulse?
  7. Use local currents and threshold potential to explain how propagation of nerve impulses occurs.
  8. Define synapse.
  9. Describe synaptic transmission between neurons.
  10. How is acetylcholine secreted and reabsorbed at synapses?
  11. Explain how neonicotinoid pesticides work on the nervous system of insects.

6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction

  1. Which cells secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon?
  2. What are the roles of insulin and glucagon?
  3. Outline the causes and treatments of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  4. Which gland secretes thyroxin and what is its function?
  5. Which tissues secrete leptin and what is its function?
  6. Outline testing of leptin on obese patients and reasons for failure to control the disease.
  7. Which gland secreted melatonin and what is its function?
  8. Outline causes of jet lag and use of melatonin to alleviate it.
  9. Annotate diagrams of male and female reproductive systems including their functions.
  10. What is the function of the SRY gene?
  11. Which hormone causes prenatal development of male genitalia and sperm production during puberty?
  12. Which hormones cause prenatal development of female genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics during puberty?
  13. Describe the negative and positive feedback mechanisms of the menstrual cycle.
  14. Which hormones are secreted by the ovaries and pituitary during the menstrual cycle?
  15. Outline the process of IVF.
  16. Describe William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer.