Grossnickle & Newham 2016
ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL – Appendix
Contents
Part A. Extended Methods ……………………………………………………………… 2
a. Study taxa ………………………………………………………………………. 2
b. Ages of time bins and rock formations…………………………………………. 2
Table S1 (time bin information) ……………….………………………….. 3
Table S2 (taxa occurrence information) …………………………………... 4
c. Morphological analyses ………………………………………………………..10
Table S3 (image and specimen information) …………………………….. 11
Table S4 (error test) ……………………………………………………….21
Figure S1 (error test) ……………………………………………………... 22
Figure S2 (cusp heights-to-molar length measurements) ………………… 23
d. Taxonomic diversity analyses ………………………………………………… 23
Part B. Extended Results ………………………………………………………………. 26
a. Morphological analyses ………………………………………………………. 26
Figure S3 (labeled morphospace plots) …………….…………………….. 26
Figure S4 (GM dietary spectrum) …………………………………….….. 32
Table S5 (disparity values) ………………………………………………. 33
Figure S5 (sum of ranges) ……………………………………………….. 35
Table S6 (molar dimensions) …………………………………………….. 36
Figure S6 (cusp heights-to-molar length ratios) …………………………..41
b. Taxonomic diversity analyses…………………………………………………. 45
Table S7 (correlations) …………………………………………………… 45
Table S8 (correlations) …………………………………………………… 45
Table S9 (correlations) …………………………………………………… 45
Table S10 (correlations) ………………………………………………….. 45
Figure S7 (global corrected diversity) …………………………………….47
Figure S8 (North American corrected diversity) ………………………….48
References ……………………………………………………………………………….. 49
Part A. Extended Methods
(a) Study taxa
We analyzed members of Tribosphenida (i.e., Boreosphenida), a monophyletic clade of crown mammals that possess a true tribosphenic molar morphology [1]. Lower tribosphenic molars possess a developed talonid basin, distinguishing them from molars of closely related stem cladotherians (i.e., eupantotherians). Tribosphenida is slightly more encompassing than Theria (i.e., Metatheria + Eutheria) because it includes stem tribosphenidans, which are any taxa with true tribosphenic molars that could not be classified into Metatheria or Eutheria [1]. Stem tribosphenidans have also been referred to as “therians of metatherian-eutherian grade” (e.g., [2]), tribotherians (e.g., [3]), and stem boreosphenidans (e.g., [4]). For simplicity, we generally refer to our sample of taxa as therians rather than tribosphenidans in the main text.
The oldest tribosphenidan is known from the Jurassic [5]. However, the clade does not become abundant or taxonomically diverse until the Early Cretaceous. Thus, we begin our analyses at the start of the Barremian, 130.8 million years ago (Ma). Our time bins extend through the Danian (66-61.6 Ma). Ideally, we would examine the Paleocene patterns past the Danian to better evaluate the therian response to the K-Pg extinction event. However, extending our geometric morphometric (GM) analyses beyond the early Paleocene becomes problematic due to the increased loss of distinct cusps in worn molars of herbivores and blade-like carnassial molars of carnivores. This prohibits identifying homologous cusp landmarks among the increasingly disparate taxa.
Although the GM analyses were performed at the generic level, an exception was made for Paranyctoides. It is the only Cretaceous therian known from both North America and Asia, but the taxonomic affinities of the specimens from the two continents have been debated [6-8]. Thus, we chose to include a representative taxon from North America, P. sternbergi, and a representative taxon from Eurasia, P. quadrans. The age ranges for the two taxa were independently based on the occurrences for the genus on each continent.
One recently described genus from the Late Cretaceous, Tsagandelta [9], was included in the GM analysis. However, we excluded Tsagandelta from the time-sliced morphometric analyses (e.g., figure 2c) because its age is too uncertain [9]. Tsagandelta is a deltatheroidan metatherian that is in close proximity to other deltatheroidans in the principal component (PC) analysis morphospace plot for PC1 and PC2 (see Extended Results). Many deltatheroidans are likely carnivorous and occupy the far right of the carnivore/insectivore region in figure 2b. As a morphological outlier, Tsagandelta is likely to increase the disparity results in whichever time bin it is eventually designated.
(b) Ages of time bins and rock formations
Time bins and fossil occurrence data. For morphometric analyses, genera were assigned to time bins based on their temporal ranges, which were determined by first and last appearances of fossils for each genus. For taxonomic diversity analyses, all fossil occurrences were assigned to time bins. (The slight discrepancy between morphometric analyses and taxonomic diversity analyses is due to the different goals of the two analyses. Our morphometric analyses attempt to capture disparity of genera within time bins, and details about specific occurrences are unnecessary. Diversity analyses try to capture ‘true’ diversity values by subsampling or modeling the occurrence data for collections or rock formations, and therefore all occurrences are included in data sets.) See the fossil occurrence dataset, which is available through Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.qk643), for a complete list of fossil occurrences and assigned time bins for the taxa of this study. Cretaceous time bins (K1-K7) are approximately 5-10 million-year intervals. Early Paleocene (i.e., Danian, D1-D2) time bins are shorter to account for the considerable number of observed fossil occurrences after the K-Pg boundary, and to interpret diversity patterns at a higher resolution. The ages and lengths of the time bins used in this study are presented in table S1. We treat the early Danian (D1) bin as equivalent to the Puercan North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA) and the late Danian (D2) bin as equivalent to the Torrejonian NALMA. Table S2 provides time bin assignments for taxa used in the morphological analyses.
Table S1. The age, duration, and approximate stratigraphic range of time bins used in this study. Abbreviations used in figure 2 are in parentheses after the stage names. * Indicates the third Paleocene time bin (S) that was only included in a secondary taxonomic diversity study presented in the Extended Results. Abbreviation: Ma, millions of years ago.
Time bin / Start (Ma) / Duration (Ma) / Geological stagesK1 / 130.8 / 17.8 / Barremian (Barr.)-Aptian
K2 / 113 / 12.5 / Albian
K3 / 100.5 / 10.9 / Cenomanian (Ceno.)-Turonian (Turo.)
K4 / 89.6 / 6 / Coniacian (Coni.)-Santonian (Sant.)
K5 / 83.6 / 5.6 / Early Campanian (E. Camp.)
K6 / 78 / 5.9 / Middle-Late Campanian (M.-L. Camp.)
K7 / 72.1 / 6.1 / Maastrichtian (Maas.)
D1 / 66.0 / 1.4 / Early Danian (E. Danian)
D2 / 64.6 / 3.3 / Late Danian (L. Danian)
*S / 61.3 / 2.1 / Selandian
Table S2. Occurrence and clade information for the genera examined in the morphological analyses. Note that some genera were not included in all analyses, and taxonomic diversity analyses include additional taxa beyond those of the morphological analyses (fossil occurrence dataset, doi:10.5061/dryad.qk643). For disparity analyses of individual continents (figure 3c), European and Asian taxa were merged as Eurasian taxa. Rock formations (or locations) in parentheses were not included in the analysis of formation disparities. See text for ages of time bins. Rock formation abbreviations: Ag, Aguja; Ai, Aitym; An, Antlers; Ar, Argilas de Aveiro; Be, Bear; BG, Baruungoyot; Bi, Bissekty; BP, Black Peaks; Cl, Cloverly; CM, Cedar Mountain; Co, Coalspur; De, Denver; Dj, Djadokhta; Dk, Dakota; DP, Dinosaur Park; Dz, Dzunbain; Ea, Eagle; Fe, Ferris; FH, Fox Hills; Fm, Frenchman; Fo, Foremost; Fl, Fruitland; FU, Fort Union; HC, Hell Creek; JR, Judith River; Ka, Kaiparowits; Kh, Khodzhakul; Ki, Kirtland; Ln, Lance; Lr, Laramie; Me, Mesaverde; MR, Milk River; Mu, Murtoi; Na, Nacimiento; NH, North Horn; Ol, Oldman; Pa, Paskapoo; PB, Polecat Bench; PH, Porcupine Hills; Ra, Ravenscrag; Sc, Scollard; Sh, Shanghu; SL, Santa Lucia; SM, St. Mary River; StC, Straight Cliffs; To, Tornillo; Tu, Tullock; Wa, Wahweap; Wanghudun, Wn.
Genus / Group (subgroup) / Continent / Rock formation(s) / Time binsAcristotherium / Eutheria / Asia / (Yixian) / K1
Eomaia / Eutheria / Asia / (Yixian) / K1
Sinodelphys / Metatheria / Asia / (Yixian) / K1
Atokatheridium / Metatheria / North America / An, Cl / K1, K2
Kielantherium / Stem Tribosphenida / Asia / Dz / K1
Murtoilestes / Eutheria / Asia / Mu / K1
Prokennalestes / Eutheria / Asia / Dz / K1
Slaughteria / Stem Tribosphenida / North America / An / K1, K2
Holoclemensia / Stem Tribosphenida / North America / An / K1, K2
Kermackia / Stem Tribosphenida / North America / An / K1, K2
Oklatheridium / Metatheria / North America / An, Cl / K1, K2
Bobolestes / Eutheria / Asia / Kh / K2
Kokopellia / Metatheria / North America / CM / K3
Montanalestes / Eutheria / North America / Cl / K2
Sasayamamylos / Eutheria / Asia / (Sasayama Group) / K2
Sinbadelphys / Metatheria / North America / CM / K3
Pariadens / Metatheria / North America / CM, Dk / K3
Sheikhdzheilia / Eutheria / Asia / Kh / K2, K3
Zhangolestes / Eutheria / Asia / (Quantou) / K3
Eozhelestes / Eutheria / Asia / Kh / K3
Arcantiodelphys / Metatheria / Europe / K3
Dakotadens / Metatheria / North America / Dk / K3
Sorlestes / Eutheria / Asia / (Jobu) / K3
Borisodon / Eutheria / Asia / (Drill core near Ashchikol' Lake, Kazakstan) / K3
Kulbeckia / Eutheria / Asia / Bi, Ai, (Yalovach) / K3, K4
Bulaklestes / Eutheria / Asia / Bi / K3
Daulestes / Eutheria / Asia / Bi / K3
Uchkudukodon / Eutheria / Asia / Bi / K3
Sulestes / Metatheria / Asia / Bi / K3
Eoungulatum / Eutheria / Asia / Bi, Ai / K3, K4
Parazhelestes / Eutheria / Asia / Bi, Ai / K3, K4
Aspanlestes / Eutheria / Asia / Bi, Ai, (Darbasa) / K3-K5
Paranyctoides (quadrans) / Eutheria / Asia
(See text.) / Bi, Ai / K3, K4
Zhelestes / Eutheria / Asia / Bi, Ai / K3, K4
Eoalphadon / Metatheria / North America / Dk, Wa / K3-K5
Anchistodelphys / Metatheria / North America / StC, Wa / K3-K5
Alphadon / Metatheria / North America, Europe / Dk, Wa, Ka, Me, JR, Ag, Ki, Fl, Ol, Ln, HC, FH, Sc, Fm, NH, Ar, SL, MR, StC, Ea, (Two Medicine) / K3-K7
Protalphadon / Metatheria / North America / Dk, Wa, Me, Ln, HC, FH, Fe, Lr / K3-K7
Varalphadon / Metatheria / North America / StC, MR, Wa, Ka, Ea / K4-K6
Picopsis / Stem Tribosphenida / North America / StC, MR, Ka / K4-K6
Kennalestes / Eutheria / Asia / Bi, Dj / K3-K6
Zhalmouzia / Eutheria / Asia / (Bostobe) / K4
Tirotherium / Stem Tribosphenida / North America / MR / K4
Iugomortiferum / Metatheria / North America / Wa / K5
Potamotelses / Stem Tribosphenida / North America / MR, StC / K4
Iqualadelphis / Metatheria / North America / Wa, MR, Ka, Ea / K4-6
Aquiladelphis / Metatheria / North America / Wa, MR, Ki, Ea / K4-7
Paranyctoides (sternbergi) / Eutheria / North America
(See text.) / Wa, Ka, JR, DP, Ol, Ea / K4-7
Albertatherium / Metatheria / North America / MR, StC, Ea / K4
Aenigmadelphys / Metatheria / North America / Wa, Ka / K5, K6
Deltatheridium / Metatheria / Asia / Dj, BG, (Darbasa) / K5-K7
Eodelphis / Metatheria / North America / MR, JR, DP, Ol, SM, Fo, StC / K4-K7
Pediomys / Metatheria / North America (K5-K7), Europe (K7) / Wa, DP, Ln, Fr, Sc, HC, FH, Ra, Ar / K5-K7
Turgidodon / Metatheria / North America / Wa, Ka, Me, JR, DP, Ol, Ag, Fo, Ln, Fr, Sc, HC, SM / K5-K7
Tsagandelta / Metatheria / Asia / (Baynshiree)
Not in time-sliced analyses because age is too uncertain (see text).
Lotheridium / Metatheria / Asia / (Qiupa)
Age is uncertain. We designate it to K6 based on Jiang et al. [10] and ages of non-mammalian taxa in Qiupa Formation. / K6
Ukhaatherium / Eutheria / Asia / Dj / K6
Asiatherium / Metatheria / Asia / Dj / K6
Asioryctes / Eutheria / Asia / BG / K7
Avitotherium / Eutheria / N. America / Ka / K6
Barunlestes / Eutheria / Asia / BG, Dj / K6, K7
Gallolestes / Eutheria / N. America / Ag, (El Gallo) / K6
Maelestes / Eutheria / Asia / Dj / K6
Zalambdalestes / Eutheria / Asia / Dj / K6
Paleomolops (=Palaeomolops) / Stem Tribosphenida / N. America / Ag / K6
Protolambda / Metatheria / N. America / JR, DP, Ol, Ln, HC, Fm, Sc, FH, Lr, NH / K6, K7
Didelphodon / Metatheria / N. America / Ln, HC, Fm, Sc, FH, SM, (Horseshoe Canyon, Wapiti, Marshalltown) / K6, K7
Leptalestes / Metatheria / N. America / JR, DP, Ol, Fl/Ki, Ln, HC, Fm, Sc, FH, NH, SM, Lr, Ea, StC / K4-K7
Batodon / Eutheria / N. America / JR, (Edmontan Group) / K6, K7
Gypsonictops / Eutheria / N. America / Ka, Me, JR, DP, Ol, Fl/Ki, Ln, HC, Fm, Sc, FH, SM, Fe, Ra, (Prince Creek) / K6, K7
Cimolestes / Eutheria / N. America (K6-D2), S. America (D1) / JR, Ol, Fl/Ki, Fo, Ln, HC, Sc, Fm, FH, Ra, Fe, SM, Be, SL, (Prince Creek), / K6-D2
Labes / Eutheria / Europe / (Calizas de Lychnus) / K6, K7
Lainodon / Eutheria / Europe / (Vitoria) / K6
Mistralestes / Eutheria / Europe / (Aix-en-Provence Basin) / K6
Valentinella / Eutheria / Europe / (Aix-en-Provence Basin) / K7
Altacreodus / Eutheria / N. America / Ln, Fm, Sc, HC / K7
Ambilestes / Eutheria / N. America / Sc, HC, Ra / K7
Scollardius / Eutheria / N. America / Fm, Sc, HC / K7
Schowalteria / Eutheria / N. America / Sc / K7
Glasbius / Metatheria / N. America / Ln, HC, Fm / K7
Nanocuris / Metatheria / N. America / Ln, Fm / K7
Nortedelphys / Metatheria / N. America / Ln, HC, Fm, Sc, Ra, Lr / K7