Blood Cells Flashcards
1)The study of blood cells is called ___ / Hematology2)A human body contains about ____ liters of blood / 5
3)Blood transports _____ from the lungs to the tissues. / O2
4)Blood also clears those tissues of _____ / CO2
5)The liquid portion of blood is called ___ / Plasma
6)Describe the morphology of a normal RBC / Biconcave disc
7)How many nuclei does a normal human RBC contain / None
8)RBC’s are filled with a reddish protein called / Hemoglobin
9)What is the diameter of a normal RBC / 6-8 microns
10)The center of an RBC will appear _____ compared to the rest of the cell / Pale
11)An RBC count below normal is / Anemia
12)An RBC count above normal is / Polycythemia
13)How is hemoglobin concentration derived. / Sample is measured in a photometer at 540 nm after conversion of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin with Drabkin’s reagent.
14)Hematocrit is a ratio of ___ over ___ / Volume of RBC’s over volume of whole blood
15)A normal hematocrit is about ___% / 45
16)Dr. Wright developed the Wright stain. Why was this so important? / It allowed detailed visual examination of blood using a microscope of things previously difficult or impossible to see.
17)RBC are fully described using these 6 parameters / Shape, color, size, central pallor, contents and function
18)What cells have no nucleus? / Red blood cells
19)Why are red blood cells biconcave? / To increase surface area
20)What are the smallest cells in the body? / Red blood cells
21)What are red blood cells filled with that carry oxygen throughout the body? / Hemoglobin
22)What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte? / 120 days
23)Where in the body are old erythrocytes destroyed? / In the spleen and liver
24)Where are RBC's made? / In the red bone marrow
25)Hereditary spherocytosis is a red cell membrane disorder / True
26)What is the condition in which too many red blood cells are produced and requires therapeutic phlebotomy? / Polycythemia
27)What is any condition of red blood cells in which the blood's capacity for carrying oxygen is diminished? / Anemia
28)What is the lack of oxygen to the tissues? / Hypoxia
29)What is the reduced blood flow to a tissue called? / Ischemia
30)What are some of the causes of hypoxia? / Ischemia, malfunctioning hemoglobin, increasing altitude
31)What is the characteristic sign of anemia? / Reticulocytes in the blood
32)What are reticulocytes? / Immature red blood cells
33)Anemia can be caused by too few RBCs. / True
34)Anemia can also be cause by iron deficiency. / True
35)What is the rupture of RBCs? / Hemolysis
36)Hemolytic anemia can be ______, from autoimmune disorders or G6PD deficiency, or ______, from infections, or receiving the incorrect blood type in a transfusion. / Hereditary, acquired
37)G6PD deficiency is hereditary and X-linked, so almost all are ______. / Male
38)G6PD is an ______that is important for RBC metabolism. / Enzyme
39)G6PD is the most common human enzyme deficiency. / True
40)Pernicious anemia is also known as ___. / Megaloblastic anemia
41)Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor. / True
42)After gastric bypass surgery, the stomach is no longer able to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed to absorb ______, which is needed to make _____ in RBCs. / Vitamin B12, hemoglobin
43)Without vitamin B12, the blood cells become fewer and larger than normal, or ______. / Megaloblastic
44)Gastric bypass surgery patients must take vitamin B12 shots or sublingual supplements for the rest of their lives. / True
45)What is Thalassemia? / A hereditary form of anemia where the RBCs have abnormal hemoglobin that deforms the cells
46)What is sickle cell disease? / A hereditary mutation resulting in one valine amino acid substituted for glutamic acid.
47)Which group of people that sickle erythrocytes present than other groups? / people with African ancestry
48)What kind of infections that the sickle shape can prevent? / helps prevent malaria infections, but it also causes blood clots.
49)What is hereditary spherocytosis? / The red blood cells shrink over time due to problems with the red blood cell membrane.
50)What is red blood cell (RBC) count? / is a count of the actual number of red blood cells per volume of blood. Both increases and decreases can point to abnormal conditions.
51)What does Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures? / the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood.
52)What does Hematocrit (Hct) measures? / the percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of whole blood.
53)What is a quick screening test for anemia? / the hematocrit test
54)How to perform the hematocrit test? / A drop of blood is drawn up a small glass capillary tube and the tube is centrifuged to pack the red blood cells at the bottom with the plasma on top.
55)What does hematocrit measures? / the percentage of blood volume that consists of erythrocytes.
56)What is the ratio of the hematocrit? / the ratio of packed red blood cells to total blood volume.
57)What percentage is normal hematocrit / about 45% (46% for men and 38% for women.)
58)What is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs? / Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
59)What is elevated when RBC are larger than normal? / Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
60)What is the term for larger than normal RBC? / Macrocytic
61)Name one condition where MCV is elevated / Anemia caused by B12 deficiency
62)What is the term for smaller than normal RBC? / Microcytic
63)What is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell? / Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
64)What is a calculation of the average concentration of oxygen on the hemoglobin molecules inside a red cell? / Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
65)What is the term for decreased MCHC values? / Hypochromia
66)What is the term for increased MCHC values? / Hyperchromia
67)What is a calculation of the variation in the size of your RBCs? / Red cell distribution width (RDW)
68)Having few RBC’s with various shapes is called? / Anisocytosis
69)Having many RBC’s with various shapes is called? / Poikilocytosis
70)What is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream by giving an athlete an unnecessary blood transfusion in order to enhance athletic performance? / Blood doping
71)What is the technique for determining which specific protein type is present on the RBC? / Blood typing
72)What are the proteins called when the cell membranes of the red blood cells carry certain types of proteins that another person’s body will think is a foreign body and reject it? / Antigens (something that causes an allergic reaction)
73)What are the 2 types of blood antigens? / Type A and Type B
74)If a person with type A blood gets a transfusion of type B blood, what would happen? / the donated blood will clump in masses (coagulation), and the person will die.
75)Which blood type is considered the universal donor? Why is this possible? / O negative. It is possible because there are no antigens on the blood cell.
76)Which blood type is considered the universal acceptor? Why is this possible? / AB positive. This is possible because the plasma does not contain antibodies to A or B or Rh antigens.
77)What is the rarest blood type? / AB negative
78)What protein does the term “positive” or “negative” refer to in blood typing. / Rh Factor
79)What occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus in her womb (from an Rh+ father), and she has antibodies to the Rh factor? / her antibodies will attack the red blood cells of the fetus because her body detects the Rh protein on the baby’s red blood cells and thinks they are foreign objects. This is called Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN).
80)If a woman is Rh- and pregnant the doctor will administer an injection of what at 18 weeks and again within 72 hrs after giving birth? / Rhogam
81)About how old is a fetus when it begins making Rh factor? / 18 weeks
82)True or False:
83)During an Rh- woman's first pregnancy an Rh+ baby is not at risk of Hemalytic Disease of the Newborn. / True; during the first birth (or miscarriage), the placenta tears away and that’s when the baby’s blood cells get into the mother’s bloodstream. This begins the immune response.
84)What protein is another RBC antigen and similar to Rh factor; in that, it can cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. / The Kell protein. People either have big K or little k proteins. Most people have little kk. If one parent has big K (either Kk or KK), the child can get Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn.
85)Define Pathogen / Something that causes a disease.
86)Bacterium, virus, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and worms are examples of what type of pathogen? / Biological Pathogens
87)What is an example of a non-biological pathogen? / Toxic chemicals, asbestos are two examples.
88)How many bacteria can fit inside a white blood cell? / Bacteria are so small that hundreds of them can fit inside one WBC.
89)Where do bacteria live in the body? / They usually do not invade cells, they live between cells of the body, using nutrients.
90)How do bacteria cause harm? / By secreting toxins
91)How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus of one white blood cell? / Thousands
92)How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus area of a bacterium? / Hundreds
93)Where do viruses live in the body and why? / They always try to invade body cells because they need host DNA or RNA to replicate
94)What happens when a body cell has been invaded by a virus? / The entire host cell must be killed by a white blood cell.
95)What is an antigen? / An Antigen is anything that can cause an immune response, not necessarily a biological pathogen.
96)What are some examples of non-biological antigens? / Pollen, dust, grass, or anything that a person is allergic to.
97)List the Leukocytes / 1)Basophils
-Mast Cells
2)Eosinophils
3)Neutrophils
4)Monocytes
-Macrophages
5)Lymphocytes
-B cells
-T cells
98)What percentage of all Leukocytes are Basophils? / •0.5 %
99)What is secreted by Basophil granules and why? / •Histamines. It causes vasodilation so more WBCs can get to the infection site.
100)What interferes with the function of Basophils? / •Antihistamines
101)What is a Basophil that leaves the blood vessel and enters the tissues? / •Mast Cell
102)What percentage of Leukocytes are Eosinophils? / •1-4%
103)What roles do eosinophils play? / •Ending allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They increase in numbers during these conditions (Eosinophilia)
104)Which is the most numerous White Blood Cell? / •Neutrophils
105)Which White Blood Cell is the first to respond to infection? / •Neutrophils
106)What roles do neutrophils play in response to infection? / 1)Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
2)Also destroy bacterial toxins in body fluids
107)How many lobes does the nucleus of a neutrophil have? / 2-6 lobes
108)How do Neutrophils contribute to immunity? / Engulfing bacteria and foreign bodies (thorns, dirt) in a process called phagocytosis. They release the contents of lysosomes onto invader, dissolving it.
109)When bacteria have capsules, they are harder to phagocytize. What action makes this process easier? / Opsonization by antibodies
110)What has some bacteria around them developed as a defense against phagocytosis. / Capsule
111)True or False: If a bacterium develops a capsule, neutrophils and macrophages cannot engulf it by themselves / True
112)The process of facilitation of phagocytosis is called? / Opsinization
113)What is the structure called when an invading bacteria has the antibody attached to its cell membrane? / Antigen-antibody complex
114)If a bacterium does not have a this structure, the neutrophil can destroy it without opsonization. / Capsule
115)This type of cell comprise about 5% of all WBC’s. / Monocytes
116)This type of leucocyte use antibodies for opsonization. They phagocytize bacteria,old cells, and foreign bodies. / Monocytes (Macrophages) and Neutrophils
117)When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue, they are called? / Macrophages
118)What cells are considered to be the most numerous of white blood cells? / Neutrophils
119)True or False: There are more macrophages in the tissue of the body than in the blood. / True
120)Neutrophils live only a few days where as Monocytes/Macrophages live for how long? / Monocytes/Macrophages live for 1-2 months.
121)What cells phagocytize bacteria until they die? / Monocytes (Macrophages) and Neutrophils
122)What type cell phagocytize and then take pieces of dead bacteria and present them to lymphocytes so a larger immune response can occur? / Macrophages
123)What are the two type of phagocytes? / Neutrophils and macrophages
124)What are Lymphocytes mostly needed to do? / Kill off body cells infected by viruses.
125)Neutrophils and macrophages main function is not to phagocytize viruses, but to what? / To phagocytize bacteria
126)What do macrophages have that make them recognize the surface of the pathogen’s cell membrane? / Surface receptors
127)When macrophages phagocytize bacteria, pop their lysosomes onto it and dissolve it, what do the macrophages do to their own cell membrane and for what reason? / Macrophages place a piece of the bacteria’s cell membrane on it’s own cell wall until the macrophage finds a lymphocyte to present it to.
128)Macrophages present pieces of T cell lymphocytes and that T cell will present it to a what type of lymphocyte? / B cell lymphocyte
129)The B lymphocyte feels the shape of the bacteria pieces, and the B lymphocyte can them launch an attack in the rest of that type of bacteria still alive in the body. What is this process called? / Antigen presentation
130)What is a lymphocyte? / Lymphocytes are cells which produce antibodies to kill any pathogens which invade the body.
131)There are two types of lymphocytes. What does one do and what does the other do? / One makes antibodies and the other engages in direct combat with viruses.
132)What are the two main classes of lymphocytes? / B cells and T cells
133)Where do the B cells originate from? / Bone marrow
134)B cell that has not been presented to an invader is called a? / Virgen B cell
135)After a B cell has been introduced to an invader, the B cell will mature into a what? / Plasma cell
136)A mature plasma cell fights infection by producing what? / Antibodies
137)After the war of infection is over, the plasma cell will mature into a queen called a what? / Memory cell
138)Where do the T cells originate? / Thymus gland
139)What do the T cells attack directly? / They attack foreign cells including organ transplants.
140)What does a B cell mature into once they have been presented to? / Plasma Cell
141)What is a function of a Plasma Cell? / Secrete Antibodies
142)What is the function of the antibody from a Plasma cell? / Kill the attacking cell
143)How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking cell? / They attach to bacteria and pop the cell membrane
144)How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking cell? / They attach to encapsulated bacteria to help neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize them
145)How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking cell? / They agglutinate (clump all over the bacteria, binding their receptor site so they cannot cause harm)
146)Define the term Mononucleosis / A disorder of B-cell lymphocytes
147)What is the cause of Mononucleosis? / The Epstein Barr Virus
148)What is a characteristic of Mononucleosis? / Inflammation of lymph vessels(lymphangitis)
149)What is Lymphangitis? / Lymph vessel inflammation; usually from infection
150)What is a visual characteristic of Mononucleosis? / Infected lymphocytes have a scalloped edge where they touch RBC’s
151)What is the function of a T-cell? / Coordinate the immune response by recruiting other white blood cells.
152)How does a T-cell directly destroy bacteria? / Popping their cell membrane
153)How does a T-cell directly destroy a foreign cell? / Popping their cell membrane
154)Host body cells that have become infected with viruses may be killed by what type of cell? / T-cell
155)What are characteristics of a T-cell regarding the killing of an invading cell? / They do not need to phagocytize the invading cell, they just kill the cell and the macrophage dissolves the debris.
156)What is the relationship of a T-cell and antibodies? / T-cells do not need the assistance of antibodies in order to destroy an invading cell.
157)Which type of patient is at risk due to the function of T-cells? / Organ transplant patients
158)What type of cell attacks the organs of an organ transplant patient? / T-cell
159)What types of drugs are designed to inhibit the action of T-cells? / Immunosuppressive drugs
160)What cell is attacked by the HIV (AIDS) virus? / T-cell
161)Where do T-cells originate from? / Thymus Gland
162)What does the Thymus Gland secrete? / Certain hormones which can cause T-cells to become immunocompetent
163)What happens when a T-cell becomes immunocompetent? / Makes the cells mature and start to work
164)What are the three types of T-cells? / Cytotoxic (killer), Helper, and Suppressor T-cells
165)What is the function of a Cytotoxic (killer) T-cell? / Go out and directly kill bacteria or infected host cells
166)What are the functions of a Helper T-cell? / Release chemicals called “cytokines” to call more white blood cells of all types to join the war. All WBCs can secrete cytokines.
Present the macrophage’s antigen to a B-cell.
167)What happens when a T-cell presents a macrophage’s antigen to a B-cell? / Produce antibodies against that particular bacteria
168)What are the functions of a Suppressor T-cell? / Stop the immune process when it is over