GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS®
Introduction to the Quantitative Reasoning Measure
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Introduction to the Quantitative Reasoning Measure
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The Quantitative Reasoning measure of the GRE revised General Test assesses your:
- basic mathematical skills
- understanding of elementary mathematical concepts
- ability to reason quantitatively and to model and solve problems with quantitative methods
Some of the questions in the measure are posed in reallife settings, while others are posed in purely mathematical settings. The skills, concepts, and abilities are tested in the four content areas below.
Arithmetic topics include properties and types of integers, such as divisibility, factorization, prime numbers, remainders, and odd and even integers; arithmetic operations, exponents, and radicals; and concepts such as estimation, percent, ratio, rate, absolute value, the number line, decimal representation, and sequences of numbers.
Algebra topics include operations with exponents; factoring and simplifying algebraic expressions; relations, functions, equations, and inequalities; solving linear and quadratic equations and inequalities; solving simultaneous equations and inequalities; setting up equations to solve word problems; and coordinate geometry, including graphs of functions, equations, and inequalities, intercepts, and slopes of lines.
Geometry topics include parallel and perpendicular lines, circles, triangles, including isosceles, equilateral, and 30° - 60°- 90° triangles, quadrilaterals, other polygons, congruent and similar figures, threedimensional figures, area, perimeter, volume, the Pythagorean theorem, and angle measurement in degrees. The ability to construct proofs is not tested.
Data analysistopics include basic descriptive statistics, such as mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, interquartile range, quartiles, and percentiles; interpretation of data in tables and graphs, such as line graphs, bar graphs, circle graphs, boxplots, scatterplots, and frequency distributions; elementary probability, such as probabilities of compound events and independent events; random variables and probability distributions, including normal distributions; and counting methods, such as combinations, permutations, and Venn diagrams. These topics are typically taught in high school algebra courses or introductory statistics courses. Inferential statistics is not tested.
The content in these areas includes high school mathematics and statistics at a level that is generally no higher than a second course in algebra; it does not include trigonometry, calculus, or other higherlevel mathematics. The publication Math Review for the GRE revised General Test,provides detailed information about the content of the Quantitative Reasoning measure.
The mathematical symbols, terminology, and conventions used in the Quantitative Reasoning section are those that are standard at the high school level. For example, the positive direction of a number line is to the right, distances are nonnegative, and prime numbers are greater than1. Whenever nonstandard notation is used in a question, it is explicitly introduced in the question.
In addition to conventions, there are some assumptions about numbers and geometric figures that are used in the Quantitative Reasoning measure. Two of these assumptions are:
1. all numbers used are real numbers, and
2. geometric figures are not necessarily drawn to scale.
More about conventions and assumptions appears in the publication Mathematical Conventions for the Quantitative Reasoning MeasureGRE revised General Test.
Quantitative Reasoning Question Types
The Quantitative Reasoning section has four types of questions:
1Quantitative Comparison
2Multiplechoice—Select One
3Multiplechoice—Select One or More
4Numeric Entry
Each question appears either independently as a discrete question or as part of a set of questions called a Data Interpretation set. All of the questions in a Data Interpretation set are based on the same data presented in tables, graphs, or other displays of data.
You are allowed to use a basic calculator on the Quantitative Reasoning measure of the test. In the standard computerbased version of the test, a basic calculator is provided on-screen. In other editions of the test, a handheld basic calculator is provided. No other calculator may be used except as an approved accommodation. General information about using a calculator and specific information on using the handheld basic calculatorare in the Using the Calculator section of this document. Information about using the onscreen calculator in the standard computerbased version of the test appears in Appendix B of this document.
Quantitative Comparison Questions
Description
Questions of this type ask you to compare two quantities, Quantity A and Quantity B, and then determine which of the following statements describes the comparison.
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Tips for Answering
1.Become familiar with the answer choices. Quantitative Comparison questions always have the same answer choices, so get to know them, especially the last answer choice, “The relationship cannot be determined from the information given”.Never select this last choice if it is clear that the values of the two quantities can be determined by computation. Also, if you determine that one quantity is greater than the other, make sure you carefully select the corresponding answer choice so as not to reverse the first two answer choices.
2.Avoid unnecessary computations. Don’t waste time performing needless computations in order to compare the two quantities. Simplify, transform, or estimate one or both of the given quantities only as much as is necessary to compare them.
3.Remember that geometric figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. If any aspect of a given geometric figure is not fully determined, try to redraw the figure, keeping those aspects that are completely determined by the given information fixed, but changing the aspects of the figure that are not determined.Examine the results. What variations are possible in the relative lengths of line segments or measures of angles?
4.Plug in numbers. If one or both of the quantities are algebraic expressions, you can substitute easy numbers for the variables and compare the resulting quantities in your analysis.Consider all kinds of appropriate numbers before you give an answer: for example, zero, positive and negative numbers, small and large numbers, fractions and decimals. If you see that Quantity A is greater than Quantity B in one case and Quantity B is greater than Quantity A in another case, choose “The relationship cannot be determined from the information given”.
5.Simplify the comparison. If both quantities are algebraic or arithmetic expressions and you cannot easily see a relationship between them, you can try to simplify the comparison.Try a stepbystep simplification that is similar to the steps involved when you solve the equation 5=4x+3for x, or that is similar to the steps involved when you determine that the inequality
the fraction with numerator3y +2 and denominator 5 is less than y
is equivalent to the simpler inequality 1 is less than y.Begin by setting up a comparison involving the two quantities, as follows:
Quantity A, followed by a question mark symbol, followed by Quantity B
where the question mark symbol is a “placeholder” that could represent the relationship greater than, the relationship less than, or the relationship equal to, or could represent the fact that the relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Then try to simplify the comparison, stepbystep, until you can determine a relationship between simplified quantities. For example, you may conclude after the last step that the question mark symbol represents equal to. Based on this conclusion, you may be able to compare Quantities A and B.To understand this strategy more fully, see sample questions 6 to 9.
Sample Questions
Directions:
Compare Quantity A and Quantity B, using the additional information given, if any. Select one of the following four answer choices.
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
A symbol that appears more than once in a question has the same meaning throughout the question.
Sample Question 1.
Quantity A:2 times 6
Quantity B:2+6
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Explanation
Since 2 times 6, or 12, is greater than 2+6, or 8, Quantity A is greater than Quantity B.Thus, the correct answer is choice A, Quantity A is greater.
Sample Question 2.
Lionel is younger than Maria.
Quantity A:Twice Lionel’s age
Quantity B:Maria’s age
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Explanation
If Lionel’s age is 6 years and Maria’s age is 10 years, then Quantity A is greater, but if Lionel’s age is 4 years and Maria’s age is 10 years, then Quantity B is greater. Thus, the relationship cannot be determined. The correct answer is choice D, the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Sample Question 3.
Quantity A:54% of 360
Quantity B:150
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Explanation
This question asks you to compare Quantity A: 54% of 360, and Quantity B: 150.
Without doing the exact computation, you can see that 54 percent of 360 is greater than one half of 360, which is 180, and 180 is greater than Quantity B, 150. Thus, the correct answer is choice A, Quantity A is greater.
Sample Question 4.
Refer to figure 1.
.
Figure 1
Begin skippable figure description.
The figure shows triangle PQR, where P is the leftmost vertex of the horizontal side PR and vertex Q is above PR. Point S lies on horizontal side PR. Point S appears to be the midpoint of PR. Line segment QS is drawn from vertex Q to point S. The lengths of PS and SR appear to be equal.
It is given that the length of PQ is equal to the length of PR.
End skippable figure description.
Quantity A:The length of PS
Quantity B:The length of SR
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Explanation
This question asks you to compare QuantityA: the length of PS, and Quantity B: the length of SR.
From Figure 1, you know that PQR is a triangle and that point S is between points P and R, so the length of PS is less than the length of PRand the length of SRis less than the length of PR. You are also given that the length of PQ is equal to the length of PR. However, this information is not sufficient to compare the length ofPS and the length of SR. Furthermore, because the figure is not necessarily drawn to scale, you cannot determine the relative lengths ofPS and SR from the figure, though the lengths may appear to be equal. The position of S can vary along side PR anywhere between P and R. Below are two possible variations of Figure 1, each of which is drawn to be consistent with the information that the length of PQ is equal to the length of PR.
Refer to figure 2 and figure 3.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Begin skippable figure description.
In figure 2, instead of appearing to be the midpoint of PR, S appears to be closer to R than to P and the length of PS appears to be greater than the length of SR.
In figure 3, instead of appearing to be the midpoint of PR, S appears to be closer to P than to Rand the length of PS appears to be less than the length of SR.
End skippable figure description.
Note that Quantity A, the length of PS,is greater in Figure 2 and Quantity B,the length of SR,is greater in Figure 3. Thus, the correct answer is choice D, the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Sample Question 5.
y = 2 times the square of x + 7x, minus 3
Quantity A:x
Quantity B:y
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Explanation
This question asks you to compare Quantity A: x, and Quantity B: y.
If x=0, then y = 2 times, open parenthesis, 0 squared close parenthesis, +,7 times open parenthesis 0, close parenthesis, minus 3, which is equal to minus 3,so in this case, x is greater than y;but if x=1, then y = 2 times, open parenthesis, 1 squared, close parenthesis, + 7 times, open parenthesis, 1 close parenthesis, minus 3, which is equal to 6,so in that case, y is greater than x.Thus, the correct answer is choice D, the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Note that plugging numbers into expressions may not be conclusive. It is conclusive, however, if you get different results after plugging in different numbers: the conclusion is that the relationship cannot be determined from the information given. It is also conclusive if there are only a small number of possible numbers to plug in and all of them yield the same result, say, that Quantity B is greater.
Now suppose that there are an infinite number of possible numbers to plug in. If you plug many of them in and each time the result is, for example, that Quantity A is greater, you still cannot conclude that Quantity A is greater for every possible number that could be plugged in. Further analysis would be necessary and should focus on whether Quantity A is greater for all possible numbers or whether there are numbers for which Quantity A is not greater.
The following sample questions focus on simplifying the comparison.
Sample Question 6.
It is given that y is greater than 4.
Quantity A:the fraction with numerator 3y +2 and denominator 5
Quantity B:y
A.Quantity A is greater.
B.Quantity B is greater.
C.The two quantities are equal.
D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Explanation
Set up the initial comparison of Quantity A and Quantity B using a placeholder question mark symbol as follows:
the fraction with numerator3y+2 and denominator 5, followed by a question mark symbol, followed by y.
Then simplify:
Step 1:Multiply both sides by 5 to get3y +2, followed by the question mark symbol, followed by 5y
Step 2: Subtract 3y from both sides to get2, followed by the question mark symbol, followed by 2y
Step 3: Divide both sides by 2 to get1, followed by the question mark symbol, followed by y
The comparison is now simplified as much as possible. In order to compare 1 and y, note that along with Quantities A and B you were given the additional informationy is greater than 4.It follows from y is greater than 4,that y is greater than 1, or 1 is less than y,so that in the comparison 1, followed by the question mark symbol, followed by y,the question marksymbol represents less than (<):1 is less than y.
However, the problem asks for a comparison between Quantity A and Quantity B, not a comparison between 1 and y. To go from the comparison between 1 and y to a comparison between Quantities A and B, start with the last comparison, 1 is less than y,and carefully consider each simplification step in reverse order to determine what each comparison implies about the preceding comparison, all the way back to the comparison between Quantities A and B if possible. Since step 3 was “divide both sides by 2”,multiplying both sides of the comparison 1 is less than y by 2, implies the preceding comparison 2 is less than 2y,thus reversing step 3. Each simplification step can be reversed as follows:
Step 3 was “Divide both sides by 2”. To reverse this step, you need tomultiply both sides by 2. The result of reversing step 3 is 2 is less than 2y.
Step 2 was “Subtract 3y from both sides”. To reverse the step you need toadd 3y to both sides. The result of reversing step 2 is 3y+2 is less than 5y.
Step 1 was “Multiply both sides by 5”. To reverse this step, divide both sides by 5. The result of reversing step 1 is the fraction with numerator3y+2 and denominator 5 is less than y.
When each step is reversed, the relationship remains less than (<), so Quantity A is less than Quantity B. Thus, the correct answer is choice B, Quantity B is greater.
While some simplification steps like subtracting 3 from both sides or dividing both sides by 10 are always reversible, it is important to note that some steps, like squaring both sides, may not be reversible.
Also, note that when you simplify an inequality, the steps of multiplying or dividing both sides by a negative number change the direction of the inequality; for example, if x is less than y, thennegative x is greater than negativey.So the relationship in the final, simplified inequality may be the opposite of the relationship between Quantities A and B. This is another reason to consider the impact of each step carefully.