GuidedReadingAnalysis:the Last West andthe NewSouth,1865-1900
Chapter17-Enclosureand Redemption pp339-353
ReadingAssignment:
chapter26 ofAmericanPageant and/oronlineresourcessuchasthe website,podcast,crashcoursevideo,chapteroutlines,Hippocampus,etc.
Purpose:
Thisguide isnot onlya place torecordnotes as youread,but alsotoprovidea place and structureforreflectionsand analysis usingyournoggin (thinkingskills) withnewknowledgegainedfromthereading. Thisguide, if THOUGHFULLYcompletedinitsentiretyBOP (BeginningofPeriod) by thedue date, can be usedonthecorrespondingquizaswell asearnupto10
bonus points. Inaddition,completedguidesprovidethestudentwiththeabilitytocorrecta quizfor½pointsback!Thebenefits ofsuchactivities,however,gofarbeyondquizhelpandbonuspoints.
MasteryofthecourseandAPexamawaitallwhochoosetoprocesstheinformationastheyread/receive. Thisisanoptionalassignment.So… youngJedi…whatis yourchoice?Do?Or donot?Thereis notry.
Directions:
1. Pre-Read: Readtheprompts/questionswithinthisguidebeforeyoureadthechapter.
(Imagesfrom Wikipedia.org,publicdomain.Pictured:SittingBull)
2. Skim: Flipthroughthechapterandnotetitlesandsubtitles.Lookatimagesandreadcaptions.Geta feelforthecontentyouareabouttoread.
3. Read/Analyze: Readthechapter.If youhaveyourowncopyofAMSCO,Highlightkeyeventsandpeopleasyouread.Remember,thegoalisnot
to“fish”foraspecificanswer(s)toreadingguide questions, buttoconsider questionsin order to criticallyunderstandwhat youread!
4. Write Write(donottype)yournotesandanalysisinthespacesprovided.CompleteitinINK!
KeyConceptsFORPERIOD6:
MainIdea:ThetransformationoftheUnitedStatesfroman agriculturaltoanincreasinglyindustrialized andurbanized
societybrought about significanteconomic,political,diplomatic, social,environmental, and culturalchanges.
KeyConcept6.1:TheriseofbigbusinessintheUnitedStatesencouragedmassivemigrationsandurbanization,sparkedgovernmentandpopulareffortsto reshapethe U.S.economyandenvironment,andreneweddebates overU.S. national identity.
KeyConcept6.2:TheemergenceofindustrialcultureintheUnitedStatesledtobothgreateropportunitiesfor,andrestrictionson,immigrants,minorities,women.
KeyConcept6.3:The“GildedAge”witnessednewculturalandintellectualmovementsintandemwithpoliticaldebatesovereconomicandsocialpolicies.
Section1 Introduction page339andHistoricalPerspectives page353
KeyConceptsandMainIdeas / NotesAnalysis
As transcontinental railroadswere completed,bringing moresettlerswest, U.S.military actions,the destructionofthe buffalo,
theconfinementof AmericanIndians to reservations,and
assimilationist policiesreducedthe numberofAmerican Indians and threatenednative cultureandidentity. / ReadtheFrederickJacksonTurnerquoteonpage339,thesecond-third-fourthparagraphsonpage343,and
HistoricalPerspectivesonpage353.Thenaddressthefollowing:
WhichismoresignificanttoAmericanhistory…thefrontier…orthecities?
Defendyouranswerwithspecificevidence,andaddresstheopposingviewpoint.
1. The West:Settlementofthe LastFrontier,pp 339-346
KeyConceptsMainIdeas / Notes / Analysis
Post–CivilWarmigration totheAmericanWest, encouragedbyeconomic opportunitiesand governmentpolicies, causedthefederal governmenttoviolate treatieswithAmerican Indian nationsinorderto expandtheamountofland availabletosettlers.
Westwardmigration, newsystemsoffarming andtransportation,and economic instability ledto politicalandpopular conflicts.
IncreasedmigrationsfromAsiaandfromsouthernandeasternEurope,aswellasAfricanAmericanmigrationswithinandoutofthe
South,accompaniedthe massmovementof people intothenation’s citiesand
theruralandboomtown
areasoftheWest.
Thecompetitionforland intheWest among white settlers,Indians, and MexicanAmericansled
toanincrease
inviolent conflict. / TheWest:SettlementoftheLastFrontier…
The MiningFrontier…
49ers… PikesPeak…ComstockLode…
BoomtownsandGhost Towns…
ChineseExclusionAct…
TheCattleFrontier… / Compareandcontrastthe“GreatAmericanDesert”of pre-1860tothe “GreatAmericanWest”ofpost-1865.
Similarities:
Differences:
List5 majorchangesintheAmericanWestcausedby
the“settlementofthe lastfrontier.”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TowhatextentwastheChineseExclusionActa turning pointinAmericanforeignpolicy? Explainthe
rationalesbehindthisaction.
Listthreereasonsthatthelongdriveended.Whichone ofthesereasonshadthegreatestimpactoncattle ranching?
1.
2.
3.
MainIdeaspresentedintheleftcolumnandinthesubtitlesofthetext.INCLUDEINYOURNOTESALLSIGNIFICANTVOCABULARYANDPEOPLE. After
readandtakenotes,thoughtfully,analyzewhatyoureadbyansweringthequestionsintherightcolumn.Rememberthisstepisessentialtoyour
processingofinformation.Completingthisguidethoughtfullywill increaseyourretention aswellas yourcomprehension!
The West:Settlementofthe LastFrontierContinued…
KeyConcepts andMain Ideas / Notes / Analysis
Post–CivilWar migrationtothe AmericanWest, encouragedby economic opportunitiesand government policies,caused thefederal government to violatetreaties withAmerican Indiannationsin
ordertoexpandthe amountofland available to
settlers.
Westward migration,new systemsoffarming andtransportation, and economic instabilityledto political and
popular conflicts.
Increased migrationsfrom Asia andfrom southernand easternEurope,as wellasAfrican American migrationswithin andoutof the South, accompaniedthe massmovementof peopleintothe nation’scities and theruraland boomtown
areasof theWest.
Thecompetition forlandinthe Westamongwhite settlers,Indians, andMexican Americansledto anincrease
in violent conflict. / TheFarming Frontier…
ProblemsandSolutions…
TheClosingoftheFrontier… Turner’sFrontierThesis…
AmericanIndiansintheWest…
HopiandZuni… Navajo andApache… ChinookandShasta…
Sioux,Blackfoot,Cheyenne,Crow,andComanche…
ReservationPolicy… / Towhatextentwasthe1862PacificRailwayActresponsible forwestward migration? ATFP (Addressthefullprompt) and defendyouranswerwithat leastonespecificpieceof evidence.
List4 wayssurvivingpioneersintheWestadaptedtothe environmentoftheGreatPlains.
1.
2.
3.
4.
BasedonwhatyouknowabouttheenclosureofGreatBritain inthe17thcentury,whatimpactdoyouthinkenclosureofthe WestintheUnitedStateswillhaveinthe20thcentury?Inyour answer,explaintheimpactofBritishenclosureaswellas explainingyourprediction.
Proclamation Lineof 1763:TreatyofParis 1783
IndianRemovalAct: Explaintheseconnections.
The West:Settlementofthe LastFrontierContinued…
KeyConceptsandMain
Ideas / Notes / Analysis
Post–CivilWar migrationtothe AmericanWest, encouragedby economic opportunitiesand governmentpolicies, causedthefederal government to
violatetreatieswith
AmericanIndian nationsin order to expandtheamount oflandavailableto settlers.
Westward migration,new systemsoffarming andtransportation, and economic instabilityledto political andpopular conflicts.
Increased migrationsfrom Asia andfrom
southernandeastern
Europe,aswellas AfricanAmerican migrationswithin andoutoftheSouth, accompaniedthe massmovementof peopleintothe nation’scities and theruraland boomtown
areasof theWest.
Thecompetition for landin theWest amongwhite settlers,Indians, andMexican Americansledto an increase
in violent conflict.
TheU.S. government generallyresponded toAmericanIndian resistance with militaryforce, eventuallydispersing tribesontosmall reservationsand hopingtoend AmericanIndian tribalidentities through
assimilation. / IndianWars…
1866…
1870s…
1890…
Assimilationists…
DawesSeveraltyAct(1887)…
Changesinthe20thCentury…
TheLatinoSouthwest… / CompareandcontrasttheBattle of Tippecanoeto theBattleofWoundedKnee. Whydosomelabel theseas“massacres”insteadof“battles?”
ExplaintheculturalimpactofACenturyofDishonor.
ExplainhowtheMexican-AmericanWarimpacted
LatinosintheWest.
The West:Settlementofthe LastFrontierContinued…
KeyConceptsandMain
Ideas / Notes / Analysis
Government agenciesand conservationist organizations contended with corporateinterests abouttheextension ofpublic controlover natural resources, includingland and water.
Businessinterests battled conservationistsas thelattersoughtto protectsectionsof unspoiledwilderness throughthe establishmentof nationalparksand other conservationist and preservationist measures. / The ConservationMovement…
NationalParks…
ForestReserves…
Forest ReserveAct… Forest ManagementAct… SierraClub…
ArborDay…
Audubon Society… / ConnectthesignificanceoftheHudsonRiverSchool intheAntebellumEratothereactiontothe exploitationoftheAmericanenvironmentduringthe Gilded Age.
Whatis thedifferencebetweenapreservationist anda conservationist?
Which onewas JohnMuir?
2. The NewSouth, pp 347-350
KeyConceptsMainIdeas / Notes / Analysis
Despitethe industrializationof somesegmentsof thesouthern economy,a changepromoted
bysouthernleaders whocalledfora
“NewSouth,”
agrarian
sharecropping,
andtenantfarming systemscontinued todominatethe region. / TheNewSouth…
HenryGrady…
Economic Progress… BirminghamAlabama… RichmondVirginia… GeorgiatheCarolinas…
ContinuedPoverty…
Povertyofthemajorityofsouthernerscausedby…
1)
2)
3)
4) / ExplainhoweconomicdevelopmentintheNew South helped to “reconstruct”thenation followingtheCivilWar.
Explaintwolimitationsofthiseconomic transformationintheSouth.
KeyConcepts
MainIdeas / Notes / Analysis
Despitethe industrializationof somesegmentsof thesouthern economy,a changepromoted
bysouthernleaders whocalledfora “NewSouth,” agrarian sharecropping,
andtenantfarming
systemscontinued todominatethe region.
Increasingly prominentracist andnativist theories,along
withSupremeCourt decisionssuchas
Plessyv.
Ferguson,
wereusedtojustify violence,aswellas
local andnational
policiesof discrimination and segregation.
Challengingtheir prescribed“place,” womenand AfricanAmerican
activistsarticulated alternativevisions
ofpolitical,social, andeconomic
equality. / Agriculture…
Sharecropping…
Crop-lien…
GeorgeWashingtonCarver…
Segregation…
DiscriminationandtheSupremeCourt…
CivilRightsCasesof1883…
Plessyv.Ferguson…
LossofCivilRights…
a. Lossofvotingrightsvia…
b. Lossof4th,5th,6th,8thAmendmentrightsvia…
c. Lossofeconomicopportunityvia… / TowhatextentdidAntebellum“cottonocracy” continue throughtheGilded Age? ATFP and defendyouranswerwithspecificevidence.
Howsuccessfulweretheredeemersatusing the“racecard”to promote their agendas?
ThepurposeofJimCrowlawswastostrip AfricanAmericansoftheircivilrightsgranted tothembythe13th,14th,and15thAmendments. Supportorrefutethisstatement.(defendyour answerwithspecificevidence!)
Whatwasthe keydifferencebetweeneconomic andsocialmobilitybetweenpoorwhites and AfricanAmericans?
KeyConcepts
MainIdeas / Notes / Analysis
Challengingtheir prescribed“place,” womenand AfricanAmerican
activistsarticulated alternativevisions
ofpolitical,social,
andeconomic equality. / RespondingtoSegregation…
IdaB.Wells…
BookerT. Washington…
W.E.B. DuBois… / Turntopage443andread“TwoApproaches: WashingtonandDuBois.” Explainthe fundamentaldifferencein thegoalsand strategiesbetweenWashingtonandDuBois.
Whichstrategywasembracedmoreatthe time?
Whichstrategywould beembraced more ata latertime?
3. FarmProblems, pp 350-353
KeyConceptsMainIdeas / Notes / Analysis
Westward migration, newsystemsof farming and transportation,and economicinstability
ledtopolitical and popular conflicts.
Farmersadaptedto thenewrealitiesof mechanized agriculture and dependenceonthe evolvingrailroad system
by creating local and regional organizationsthat soughttoresist corporatecontrolof agriculturalmarkets. / FarmProblems:North,South,andWest…
ChangesinAgriculture…
FallingPrices…
RisingCosts…
FightingBack…
NationalGrangeMovement…
Munnv Illinois (1877) / Explainhowthe “industrialization”ofAmerican agriculturedestroyedThomas Jefferson’s dreamofAmerican AgrarianVirtue.
KeyConcepts
MainIdeas / Notes / Analysis
Westward migration, newsystemsof farming and transportation,and economicinstability
ledtopolitical and popular conflicts.
Farmersadaptedto thenewrealitiesof mechanized agriculture and dependenceonthe evolvingrailroad system
by creating local and regional
organizationsthat
soughttoresist corporatecontrolof agriculturalmarkets.
Corruptionin government — especiallyasit related tobigbusiness— energizedthepublic
todemandincreased popular controland reformoflocal,state, andnational governments,ranging fromminorchangesto majoroverhauls
of thecapitalist system. / InterstateCommerceAct(1886)…
Wabashv.Illinois(1886)
ICC…
Farmer’sAlliances…
OcalaPlatform…
Platformsupported…
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6) / Althoughnotsuccessfulin formingapolitical party,the NationalAlliance successfully respondedtothe farmers’plight becauseituniteddiversepeoples for acommoncausewhich increasingeffective communicationandactionas
wellas influencedlocal andstate elections raising political support for the problems theyfaced.
Writeaquestion/promptthatthe above thesis statementis effectivelyaddressing.
FoodForThought:
(source:Eric Sass,MentalFlossHistoryoftheUnitedStates,2010)
Nastyandeffective,barbedwire isaquintessentialAmericaninvention:withoutit,theWestmightnothavebeenwon.Or atleast,therewould have beenalotmorecows, horses,andmiscellaneous livestockroamingfree,withdistraught ranchersinpursuit!Called“theDevil’srope,”barbedwire substitutedfor moresubstantialfencingmaterialslikewoodor stone.Whileregularwire wasanoption,theaveragecow,weighing1,000poundsormore,wasnotdeterredby“smooth” wirefences.Buss,weighinguptoa tonandarmedwith horns,wereevenlessdaunted.Thedifficultyofranchingwithout fencingquicklybecamea serioushindrancetoWesternexpansion.From1857to1867,a handfulofinventors“backEast” experimentedwithwireaugmentedwithsmallknotsofsharpcutwire,buttherewasn’tmuchdemandin thetree-filled easternpartofthecountry.Fartherwest,however,itwasanideawho’stimehadcome.Approximately176ranchers submittedsomevariationofthebasicideatoIllinoispatentoffices,whichsetinmotionanexcitinglegalfree-for-all,with variouspatentholders tryingtoprovethat barbedwire manufacturers were stealingtheirideas. Intheend, thepaten office choseJosephF.Glidden’seconomicaldesign,whichproducedthemaximumnumberofsharpedgeswiththeleast
amountofwire.Andin1874,Gliddensoldhalfhispatenttoan enterprisingIllinoishardwareentrepreneurnamedIsaacL. Ellwood,whobeganmanufacturingbarbedwirebyhand.Imitatorsproducedclosevariantsofthedesign,andsmall factoriessprangupacrosswesternIllinois,allofthemturningoutbarbedwireusingmanuallabor.By1884thelegitimate factories(therewerestillseveralbootlegjointstoo)weremanufacturingupto100,000tonsofbarbedwireayear.That’s roughly600,000milesofbarbedwire,or 40timesthecircumferenceoftheearth!
(image: Glidden’s1874 patent,historyrat.wordpress.com)
Mapof1890 …Enclosure…
(if youdonotcompletethismap,youcanstillusetheguideifeveryotherportioniscompleted,howeveryourtopbonuswillbe9 points) Labelthefollowing:
Allstatesterritories, Pike’sPeak,
ComstockLode,ChiefJoseph’sTrail,RedRiverWar(1874),
BattleofLittleBighorn(1876;Custer’sLastStand),
BattleofWoundedKnee(1890), SandCreekMassacre(1864),
SkeletonCanyon(Geronimosurrenders,1886),
MedicineLodge(SouthernPlainsIndiansagreeto movetoIndianTerritory),
FortLaramie(18511868treaties;1851NativeAmericansarepromisedcontrolofthePlains.1868SiouxagreetomovetoreservationtheBlackHills), Color/Highlightthe “West” (one color)
Tracethepath ofthetranscontinentalRailroad.
Writea captionforthismapthatindicatesthesignificanceoftheinformationillustratedonthismap…regardingTheEnclosureoftheWest.
ReadingGuidewritten byRebecca Richardson,AllenHighSchool