Note: Estimates Are Weighted and Based Upon Non-Missing Values

FOR PUBLICATION ONLINE ONLY
APPENDIX
Appendix Table A1. YRBS Teens Aged 15–18 Sample Selection (2003–2011)
Number of Observations
All teens / 74,962
Drop teens missing age / 74,669
Drop teens missing gender / 74,549
Drop teens missing grade in school / 74,310
Drop teens missing race/ethnicity / 73,375
Teens aged 15–18 only / 66,200
FEMALE TEENS / 32,940
MALE TEENS / 33,260
Appendix Table A2. ATUS Teen Sample Selection (2003–2011)
Number of Observations
Teens aged 15–18 / 7,268
Teens who live with at least one heterosexual parent / 6,965
Drop teens who are married or cohabitating / 6,943
Drop teens who have their own children / 6,881
Drop teens whose parent is missing education / 6,840
Drop those who slept more than 20 hours on diary day / 6,829
Drop those sick more than 4 hours on diary day / 6,823
Drop those interviewed in summer months (between Memorial Day and Labor Day) / 5,042
FEMALE TEENS / 2,417
MALE TEENS / 2,625
Appendix Table A3. Sample Means and Proportions (YRBS 2003–2011)
Male
(N = 32,940) / Female
(N = 33,260)
Dependent Variables:
Sexual Intercourse in Past Three Months / 0.35 / 0.38
Smoke in Past 30 Days / 0.22 / 0.21
Smoke Daily in Past 30 Days / 0.07 / 0.06
Alcohol Use in Past 30 Days / 0.44 / 0.44
Marijuana in Past 30 Days / 0.25 / 0.19
Overweight / 0.32 / 0.25
Obese / 0.16 / 0.10
Economic Conditions:
State yearly unemployment rate / 6.32 / 6.30
[overall min 2.90, max 13.70]
Individual Characteristics:
Age 15 / 0.28 / 0.29
Age 16 / 0.29 / 0.29
Age 17 / 0.26 / 0.27
Age 18 / 0.16 / 0.14
NBNH / 0.69 / 0.68
Non-Hispanic Black / 0.14 / 0.15
Hispanic / 0.17 / 0.17
Grade 9 / 0.21 / 0.18
Grade 10 / 0.29 / 0.29
Grade 11 / 0.26 / 0.27
Grade 12 / 0.24 / 0.25
Year = 2003 / 0.20 / 0.20
Year = 2005 / 0.18 / 0.19
Year = 2007 / 0.18 / 0.19
Year = 2009 / 0.22 / 0.22
Year = 2011 / 0.21 / 0.20
State Laws:
Ln(Minimum Wage) / 1.15 / 1.15
Minimum Driver’s License Age / 16.07 / 16.08
Maximum Compulsory Schooling Age / 17.03 / 17.02
State Cigarette Sales Tax / 0.47 / 0.47

Note: Estimates are weighted and based upon non-missing values.

Appendix Table A4. Effects of the Unemployment Rate on Teenagers’ Risky Behaviors for Teens Aged 12–18, by Gender and Race/Ethnicity (YRBS 2003–2011)
Sample / Sexual Intercourse in Past Three Months / Smoke in Past 30 Days / Smoke Every Day in Past 30 Days / Alcohol Use in Past 30 Days / Marijuana in Past 30 Days / Overweight / Obese
Panel 1. Boys
All / 0.002 / 0.006 / 0.005 / 0.009 / 0.002 / 0.000 / 0.003
(0.007) / (0.008) / (0.004) / (0.008) / (0.006) / (0.006) / (0.005)
NBNH / 0.008 / 0.008 / 0.003 / 0.007 / -0.007 / 0.004 / 0.003
(0.009) / (0.009) / (0.006) / (0.008) / (0.007) / (0.009) / (0.006)
Black / -0.023 / 0.013 / 0.006 / -0.010 / 0.018** / -0.012 / 0.009
(0.014) / (0.014) / (0.006) / (0.014) / (0.009) / (0.012) / (0.009)
Hispanic / 0.009 / 0.003 / 0.001 / 0.028*** / 0.010* / -0.000 / 0.008
(0.007) / (0.008) / (0.003) / (0.007) / (0.005) / (0.009) / (0.008)
N (All) / 32,403 / 34,155 / 34,155 / 32,975 / 35123 / 34,029 / 34,029
Panel 2. Girls
All / 0.004 / 0.006 / 0.007** / 0.009 / 0.003 / -0.002 / -0.004
(0.009) / (0.007) / (0.003) / (0.006) / (0.006) / (0.007) / (0.004)
NBNH / 0.011 / 0.011 / 0.008* / 0.008 / 0.005 / 0.005 / 0.002
(0.012) / (0.011) / (0.004) / (0.011) / (0.008) / (0.009) / (0.005)
Black / 0.000 / -0.010 / 0.001 / 0.016 / -0.009 / -0.003 / -0.016
(0.010) / (0.008) / (0.003) / (0.010) / (0.008) / (0.014) / (0.011)
Hispanic / -0.008 / -0.001 / 0.003 / -0.004 / 0.003 / -0.014 / -0.003
(0.009) / (0.007) / (0.003) / (0.007) / (0.009) / (0.010) / (0.004)
N (All) / 34,169 / 35,831 / 35,831 / 34,494 / 36,535 / 34,495 / 34,495

Notes: Linear probability models were estimated. YRBS weights used. Standard errors adjusted for clustering by state are reported in parentheses. See Table 2 for covariates. Significance levels: *** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10.

Appendix Table A5. Effects of the Unemployment Rate on Teenage Risky Behaviors for Teens Aged 12–18, by Gender and Race/Ethnicity (YRBS 1991–2011)
Sexual Intercourse in Past Three Months / Smoke in Past 30 Days / Smoke Every Day in Past 30 Days / Alcohol in Past 30 Days / Marijuana in Past 30 Days / Overweight / Obese
Panel 1. Boys
All / -0.001 / 0.001 / 0.002 / 0.003 / 0.007 / -0.006 / -0.004
(0.004) / (0.004) / (0.003) / (0.005) / (0.006) / (0.005) / (0.004)
NBNH / -0.001 / 0.001 / 0.003 / 0.003 / 0.006 / -0.008 / -0.009**
(0.005) / (0.004) / (0.003) / (0.005) / (0.007) / (0.007) / (0.004)
Black / -0.019 / 0.007 / 0.003 / -0.006 / 0.013 / -0.006 / 0.006
(0.012) / (0.012) / (0.005) / (0.013) / (0.011) / (0.011) / (0.008)
Hispanic / 0.012* / 0.006 / -0.001 / 0.026*** / 0.015** / -0.001 / 0.006
(0.007) / (0.007) / (0.003) / (0.009) / (0.006) / (0.008) / (0.007)
N (All) / 69,428 / 71,341 / 71,341 / 69,901 / 73,588 / 47,133 / 47,133
Panel 2. Girls
All / -0.001 / 0.001 / 0.003 / 0.004 / 0.002 / -0.003 / -0.003
(0.007) / (0.005) / (0.003) / (0.005) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.003)
NBNH / -0.000 / 0.003 / 0.003 / 0.005 / 0.003 / -0.001 / -0.001
(0.008) / (0.006) / (0.004) / (0.005) / (0.005) / (0.007) / (0.005)
Black / 0.004 / -0.009 / 0.001 / 0.017 / -0.005 / 0.004 / -0.009
(0.008) / (0.007) / (0.003) / (0.012) / (0.008) / (0.013) / (0.010)
Hispanic / -0.004 / -0.004 / 0.001 / -0.004 / 0.002 / -0.013 / -0.002
(0.009) / (0.006) / (0.003) / (0.007) / (0.006) / (0.010) / (0.003)
N (All) / 73,559 / 75,023 / 75,023 / 73,606 / 76,880 / 48,114 / 48,114

Notes: Linear probability models were estimated. YRBS weights used. Standard errors adjusted for clustering by state are reported in parentheses. See Table 2 for covariates. Significance levels: *** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10.

Table A6. Teenagers’ Mean Characteristics (ATUS 2003–2011)

Boys (N=2,625) / Girls(N=2,417)
Economic conditions:
State Yearly Unemployment Rate / 6.46 / 6.41
[Overall min 2.49, max 13.80]
Individual characteristics:
NBNH / 0.64 / 0.69
Hispanic / 0.22 / 0.17
Non-Hispanic Black / 0.14 / 0.14
Age 15 / 0.21 / 0.22
Age 16 / 0.28 / 0.29
Age 17 / 0.30 / 0.27
Age 18 / 0.21 / 0.22
Immigrant / 0.25 / 0.21
Live with both parents / 0.75 / 0.72
Live with single mother / 0.20 / 0.24
Live with single father / 0.05 / 0.04
Mother’s age / 44.36 / 44.42
Father’s age / 47.03 / 46.99
Mother high school dropout / 0.15 / 0.12
Mother high school / 0.26 / 0.26
Mother some college / 0.32 / 0.32
Mother college / 0.27 / 0.30
Father high school dropout / 0.16 / 0.12
Father high school / 0.26 / 0.29
Father some college / 0.25 / 0.26
Father college / 0.33 / 0.33
Two children in household / 0.19 / 0.21
Three or more children in household / 0.12 / 0.12
Youngest child infant / 0.04 / 0.05
Youngest child preschooler / 0.06 / 0.06
Youngest child elementary student / 0.25 / 0.25
Child older than 18 in household / 0.28 / 0.25
All boy household children / 0.59 / 0.58
Mixed gender household children / 0.18 / 0.19
Live with other adults / 0.34 / 0.32
Resides in SMSA / 0.84 / 0.84
Fall / 0.32 / 0.32
Winter / 0.34 / 0.37
Spring / 0.34 / 0.31
State Laws:
Ln (minimum wage) / 1.13 / 1.13
Minimum driver’s license age / 16.08 / 16.08
Maximum compulsory schooling age / 17.19 / 17.16

Notes: Survey weights used. Mother’s and father’s age and education means are for non-missing observations due to differences in family structure.

Appendix Table A7. OLS Estimates: Time with Either Parent (ATUS 2003–2011)
Boys / Girls
Unemployment rate / -6.26* / -0.99
(3.40) / (6.42)
Live with single mother / -35.56*** / -25.68**
(11.30) / (11.21)
Live with single father / -43.69*** / -62.55***
(15.25) / (16.12)
Hispanic / 1.49 / 30.62*
(10.24) / (16.63)
Non-Hispanic black / -27.21** / -10.81
(10.77) / (11.75)
Immigrant / -21.67** / 0.85
(8.96) / (12.82)
Age 16 / -15.56 / -8.95
(10.43) / (11.93)
Age 17 / -24.18** / -21.86*
(10.92) / (10.95)
Age 18 / -46.94*** / -15.55
(13.06) / (10.83)
Mother’s age / 4.92 / -2.46
(3.57) / (6.00)
Mother’s age squared / -63.13 / 20.58
(38.43) / (68.78)
Father’s age / 7.56 / -0.89
(5.19) / (6.03)
Father’s age squared / -62.68 / 7.51
(53.30) / (64.50)
Mother HS dropout / 0.48 / 27.23
(10.76) / (18.57)
Mother some college / -5.46 / 4.88
(11.28) / (11.38)
Mother college / -8.68 / -11.70
(9.26) / (10.83)
Father HS dropout / 0.76 / -7.18
(12.97) / (23.31)
Father some college / 13.44 / -2.63
(9.69) / (13.46)
Father college / 29.18** / 17.09
(11.34) / (12.08)
Two children in household / -8.72 / -10.21
(10.92) / (11.35)
Three or more children in household / -13.93 / -36.73**
(16.24) / (15.62)
Youngest child infant / 6.81 / 17.46
(19.44) / (19.10)
Youngest child preschooler / 3.96 / 48.40***
(14.09) / (16.40)
Youngest child elementary student / -1.88 / 14.79
(8.84) / (11.18)
Child older than 18 in HH / -17.10 / 11.70
(11.20) / (16.31)
All boy HH children / 2.99 / 10.37
(7.92) / (9.46)
Mixed gender HH children / 23.22** / 23.69
(10.67) / (18.27)
Live with other adults / 5.17 / -37.78**
(9.28) / (15.80)
Resides in SMSA / -9.67 / -30.75**
(8.38) / (12.55)
Winter / -5.41 / -24.84*
(7.43) / (12.78)
Spring / -10.17 / -29.27**
(6.49) / (11.98)
Ln(minimum wage) / -67.08 / 85.04
(45.99) / (79.29)
State minimum driver’s license age / 165.25** / -115.28*
(62.31) / (63.62)
State maximum compulsory schooling age / -2.76 / -13.88
(14.29) / (12.89)
Observations / 2,625 / 2,417
R-squared / 0.07 / 0.09
Notes: This is the set of covariates from the first row of each panel in Table 3, full sample. Regressions also include year and state fixed effects and a constant. Standard errors adjusted for clustering by state are reported in parentheses. Significance levels: *** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10.

Table A8. Effects of the Unemployment Rate on Teenagers’ Time and Timing of Work, by Gender (ATUS 2003–2011)

ALL DAYS / WEEKDAYS / WEEKENDS
Pr(Employed) / Minutes Worked / Pr(Worked) / Minutes Worked / Pr(Worked) / Minutes Worked
Panel 1. Teen Boys
All (N = 2,625) / -0.02*** / -2.22 / -0.01* / -1.94 / -0.01* / -3.11**
(0.01) / (1.46) / (0.01) / (2.05) / (0.00) / (1.48)
Mean / 0.32 / 45.09 / 0.14 / 42.04 / 0.14 / 52.54
Panel 2. Teen Girls
All (N = 2,417) / -0.02*** / -6.67*** / -0.02** / -7.51*** / -0.01 / -3.10
(0.01) / (2.17) / (0.01) / (2.38) / (0.01) / (2.32)
Mean / 0.33 / 45.17 / 0.14 / 42.26 / 0.15 / 52.28

Notes: Unemployment rates are measured at the statelevel and all specifications include state fixed effects (but not year effects as in Table 4). ATUS final weights used. Standard errors adjusted for clustering by state are reported in parentheses. See notes for Table 3 for covariates. Significance levels: *** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.10.