MATERIALS SCIENCE LABORATORY:
CRYSTAL GROWING
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the way crystals grow and how they affect the behavior of material. A comparison can also be made between the growth of crystals in metals and non-metals.
EQUIPMENT:
Hot plates, glass plates, beakers, glass rods, scale to weigh out the salt, graduated flask for water, furnace, crucibles, sand, tongs, safety glasses and gloves. Starting materials: Epsom salts, water, 50% Aluminum – 50% Copper alloy (previously alloyed).
SAFETY:
Whenever you are dealing with hot liquids, there is the potential for burns and spills. Protect yourself from the possible risks, especially around the hot metal. Make sure you know where any potential spillage will go and place something in the way to protect yourself. In part ‘B’ be especially careful of the hot metal. Remember, it will still be very hot, even when it has changed back into a solid.
PROCEDURE:
Part A: A supersaturated solution of salt will separate out into crystals on cooling. The size of the crystals is a function of the rate of cooling, the amount of impurities present and the degree of super saturation (concentration of salt present in the solution).
1. Dissolve 25 grams of Epsom salts in 25 ml of water. Heat the water until all the salt dissolves, but keep the water below the boiling point. If all the salt will not dissolve, add water in small quantities until it does. Pour some of the solution onto a clean glass plate so as to form a thin film and watch it solidify. If it solidifies too rapidly, return it to your beaker, and add some more water. Keep track of how much water is added and try again. If no crystals form, return the liquid to the beaker and add more salt. Again, keep track of how much additional salt is added. When you achieve the proper mixture you should be able to observe the crystals start to form at the edge and slowly “grow” toward the center.
2. Record the ratio of salt vs. water you used and sketch the crystals you observed. Pay particular attention to the area where two crystals meet or join.
Part B: If an alloy of two metals forms a eutectic (from the Greek word “eutoctos”=easily fused; an alloy with eutectic composition has the lowest melting temperature) and a solid solution (or intermetallic compound) on cooling, the eutectic can be poured off and crystals formed by the solid solution will be exposed.
This part of the experiment lends itself best to a demonstration. An alloy has been prepared by melting equal weights of pure copper and aluminum in one crucible, and holding the materials overnight in the furnace. An intermetallic compound, Al2Cu and a eutectic are formed. The compound takes the form of large needles if slowly cooled from the molten phase.
1. Heat the Copper-Aluminum alloy up to approximately 700o C and pour it into a hollowed out firebrick resting on a metal tray full of sand or a hollow made in dry sand contained in a metal tray.
SAFETY IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT DURING THIS OPERATION.
2. As the liquid cools, you will first observe small bubbles on the surface. Next, you may be able to see a hint of motion just under the surface, as the crystals of metal are forming. Tilt the pan slightly to see this structure. When there seems to be some rigidity or structure inside the liquid, tip the pan to pour off the liquid eutectic phase. Depending on when you decide to tip the pan, you will see large crystals that have formed throughout the system. Note the size of the crystals in the liquid that was poured out as compared to those left behind.
CONCLUSIONS:
· Can you give some general conclusions as to why crystals grow the way they do?
· What can you conclude by comparing the growth of the metallic crystals as compared to the Epsom Salts?
· How does cooling rate affect the crystal growth (why did the salt crystals ‘grow’ from the outside to the center)?
· Does composition have an affect on crystal formation?
· Examine the ductility of the Al-Cu alloy. Note how brittle this mixture is – most unlike copper or aluminum – Why?
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