Unit 22- Circulation and Immunity

This unit deals with the major transport and defense systems of the body- the circulatory, immune and lymphatic systems.

The functions of these systems are as follows:

Types of circulatory systems-

  1. no system-
  1. open circulatory system-

hemocoel-

sinuses- p

  1. closed circulatory system- ex:

Parts of the Human Circulatory System

  1. Blood-

**All blood cells are made in ______

  1. Plasma-
  1. RBCs = Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells-
  1. WBCs = Leukocytes or White Blood Cells
Name / Category / Function / Appearance / Diagram
Neutrophils /
Eosinophils /
Basophils /
Lymphocytes /
Monocytes /
  1. Platelets or Thrombocytes-

-.

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  1. Blood Vessels

Each vessel has three layers-

  1. tunica interna-
  1. tunica intermedia-
  1. tunica adventitia-

Typical Pattern of Circulation

Vessel Types-

  1. Arteries-

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  1. Veins-

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  1. Capillaries-

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-Precapillary sphincters -

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  1. Hearts –

All organisms with circulatory systems have a heart to pump the liquid through the system

**

Vertebrate Heart Development

Primitive pattern-

Vein ______ AtriumVentricle______ Artery

Human Heart

Pericardial cavity-

Coronary Terms-

Myocardial infarction- heart attack-

Ischemic Heart Disease-

Hypertension-

Normal- systole/diastole = 120/80

Systole-

Diastole-

The Pattern for Contraction

Starling’s Law of the Heart-

Neurotransmitter Effects-

  1. Epinephrine-
  2. Acetylcholine-

The Loops of Circulation-

In adult mammals there are two loops-

  1. Pulmonary Loop-
  2. Systemic Loop-

The Lymphatic System-

Secondary tissue drainage system that carries lymph

Lymph-defn:

**The Lymphatic system collects surplus fluids and refills the blood stream through the Vena Cava. It is also the pathway for lipid circulation.

Defense Mechanisms

Invading bacteria and viruses face a gamut of defenses as the try to enter the body.

These include ______and ______ responses

Non-Specific responses

Defn:

  1. epithelial barriers-
  1. toxic secretions-
  1. inflammatory response- body changes conditions when the barriers are breached. We call this an ______

Parts of an Infection

  1. increased blood flow to region-
  2. increased heat-
  3. edema-
  1. fever-

Macrophagesrelease______–triggers hypothalamus in brain to increase body temperature and release ______

Prostaglandins-

  1. interferon-
  1. phagocytosis-

Specific Responses

These defense mechanisms rely on antibodies.

Antibody- defn:-

Antigen-defn:

All cells in the body have an individual specific protein tag on the cell membrane called the MHC.

MHC- Major Histocompatibility Complex or HLA protein in man-

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Autoimmune Disease-

Allergies-

Ig Proteins-

IgE = reagin -

IgG- gamma globulin-

IgA- in tears-

IgM- made after first exposure-

Opsonization-

Agglutination-

Cell Mediated Immunity- what we commonly call the immune system

Two cellular components-

T-lymphocytes- T-cells-

B-Lymphocytes- B-Cells-

Cell Mediated Immunity- the diagram

Antibody Mediated Immunity- the Humoral Response

HIV-

Primary and Secondary Immune Response

(recall- erythroblastosis from the genetics unit)

Latent Phase-

Titer-

Developing Immunity

Immunity to a disease can be obtained actively or passively

Active Immunity-

**

Methods-

  1. exposure to the disease-
  1. immunization-

Edward Jenner- 1700s-

Jonas Salk- 1954 – 1st

Passive Immunity-

**

Methods-

  1. maternal antibodies-
  1. serum antibodies-

serum-

Louis Pasteur- 1870s- Rabies serum Experiments

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