Table S1 Dating and status determinations of all extracted ancient specimens.

ID for COI / Accession Number / ID for Control Region / Accession Number / Extract / Replication / Haplotype / Element / Location / Phase / Dates / Archaeological ID / Reference
XCS1 / KC456202 / CS1 / KC456215 / S1 / R / F40 / tibia / Hebei, Wu'an county / Cishan culture / 7,960-7,845 BP / 97WCT204H195-1 / (1)
S2 / tibia / Hebei, Wu'an county / Cishan culture / ~ 7,500 BP / 97WCT204H195-2 / (1)
S3 / tibia / Hebei, Wu'an county / Cishan culture / ~ 7,500 BP / 97WCT204H195-3 / (1)
S4 / tibia / Hebei, Wu'an county / Cishan culture / ~ 7,500 BP / 97WCT204H195-4 / (1)
S5 / tibia / Hebei, Wu'an county / Cishan culture / ~ 7,500 BP / 97WCT204H195-5 / (1)
S6 / tibia / Hebei, Wu'an county / Cishan culture / ~ 7,500 BP / 97WCT204H195-6 / (1)
S7 / metatarsus / Hebei, Wu'an county / Cishan culture / ~ 7,500 BP / 97WCT204H195-7 / (1)
N1 / tibia / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④: 059 / (2)
N2 / humerus / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT3④ / (2)
N3 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 033 / (2)
XNZT1 / KC456205 / NZT1 / KC456218 / N4 / R / A46 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / 10,580-10,480 BP and 10,465-10,430 BP / 87×NT2⑥: 053 / (2)
XNZT2 / KC456206 / N5 / tarsometatarsus / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 031 / (2)
N6 / humerus / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 032 / (2)
N7 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-1 / (2)
N8 / humerus / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-2 / (2)
XNZT3 / KC456207 / N9 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-3 / (2)
N10 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-4 / (2)
N11 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-5 / (2)
XNZT4 / KC456208 / NZT2 / KC456219 / N12 / R / A56 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-6 / (2)
N13 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-7 / (2)
N14 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-8 / (2)
N15 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-9 / (2)
N16 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 87×NT2④-10 / (2)
XNZT5 / KC456209 / NZT3 / KC456220 / N17 / A57 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 045-1 / (2)
N18 / humerus / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 045-2 / (2)
N19 / humerus / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 045-3 / (2)
XNZT6 / KC456210 / N20 / humerus / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 045-4 / (2)
N21 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 045-5 / (2)
XNZT7 / KC456211 / N22 / femur / Hebei, Xushui county / Early Neolithic period / ~10,000 BP / 86×NT1⑥: 045-6 / (2)
XWY1 / KC456212 / WY1 / KC456221 / W1 / R / C77 / tarsometatarsus / Shandong, Yanzhou city / Dawenkou culture / 4,300-3,500 BP / T265H9-1 / (3)
W2 / tarsometatarsus / Shandong, Yanzhou city / Dawenkou culture / 4,300-35,00 BP / T265H9-2 / (3)
W3 / tarsometatarsus / Shandong, Yanzhou city / Dawenkou culture / 4,300-3,500 BP / T265H9-3 / (3)
W4 / tarsometatarsus / Shandong, Yanzhou city / Dawenkou culture / 4,300-3,500 BP / T265H9-4 / (3)
XWY2 / KC456213 / WY2 / KC456222 / W5 / A58 / tarsometatarsus / Shandong, Yanzhou city / Beixin culture / 4,500 BP / T4016H4007 / (3)
XWY3 / KC456214 / W6 / tarsometatarsus / Shandong, Yanzhou city / Dawenkou culture / 4,300-3,500 BP / T266② / (3)
J1 / left humerus / Hubei, Zaoyang city / Eastern Zhou Dynasty / 3,000-2,300 BP / M1: 123-1 / (4)
J2 / left humerus / Hubei, Zaoyang city / Eastern Zhou Dynasty / 3,000-2,300 BP / M1: 123-2 / (4)
XJLD1 / KC456203 / JLD1 / KC456216 / J3 / R / C74 / left humerus / Hubei, Zaoyang city / Eastern Zhou Dynasty / 3,000-2,300 BP / M1: 129-1 / (4)
XJLD2 / KC456204 / JLD2 / KC456217 / J4 / C75 / left humerus / Hubei, Zaoyang city / Eastern Zhou Dynasty / 3,000-2,300 BP / M1: 129-2 / (4)

References

1. Sun DH, Liu Y, & Chen GT (1981) The Cishan site in Wu' an, Hebei Province. Acta Archaeologica Sinica 3:303-338.

2. Xu HS, Jin JG, & Yang YH (1992) Test excavation to Nanzhuangtou site in Xushui County, Hebei Province. Archaeology 11:961-970.

3. The Institute of Archaeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2000) Excavations of the Wangyin site in Shandong (Science Press, Beijing).

4. Wang HX & Hao QJ (2003) Chu Tombs at Jiuliandun in Zaoyang City, Hubei. Archaeology 7:586-590, 675-678.

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