Chapter 7 Section 1
The Big Ideas are:
• Describe colonial opinions on American Independence.
• Explain the importance of the mid Atlantic coastal cities.
• Analyze early British strategy.
1. What is a mercenary?
2. What is a strategy?
3. What is a rendezvous?
4. Big Idea Review Question: What areas were mostly loyalists or patriots? Which colonists were loyalists and who were patriots and why?
5. How did the issue of revolution affect the Native Americans? (Create a multi-flow map)
6. How did the issue of revolution affect the African Americans? (Create a multi-flow map)
7. Who is George Washington and what did he do?
8. What problems did Washington face in creating an army?
9. What role did women play in helping the Continental Army?
10. Big Idea Review Question: Why did the British want to occupy the costal cities of the Middle Atlantic States?
11. What course did the war take between July and December 1776?
12. What significant gains did the colonial troops make in at the Battle of Trenton?
13. Big Idea Review Question: What was the British strategy in 1777?
14. What were the causes and effects of Burgoyne’s actions? (Create a multi-flow map.)
15. How did Howe and St. Leger’s actions affect Burgoyne? (Create a multi-flow map)
16. How did Howe and St. Leger fail to follow through with the planned strategy?
17. Why did Burgoyne send troops into Vermont?
18. What are the Battles of Saratoga?
19. What were some important results of the colonial victories at the Battles of Saratoga? (Create a multi-flow map.)
Chapter 7 Section 1
The Big Ideas are:
• Describe colonial opinions on American Independence.
• Explain the importance of the mid Atlantic coastal cities.
• Analyze early British strategy.
1. What is a mercenary?
2. What is a strategy?
3. What is a rendezvous?
4. Big Idea Review Question: What areas were mostly loyalists or patriots? Which colonists were loyalists and who were patriots and why?
5. How did the issue of revolution affect the Native Americans? (Create a multi-flow map)
6. How did the issue of revolution affect the African Americans? (Create a multi-flow map)
7. Who is George Washington and what did he do?
8. What problems did Washington face in creating an army?
9. What role did women play in helping the Continental Army?
10. Big Idea Review Question: Why did the British want to occupy the costal cities of the Middle Atlantic States?
11. What course did the war take between July and December 1776?
12. What significant gains did the colonial troops make in at the Battle of Trenton?
13. Big Idea Review Question: What was the British strategy in 1777?
14. What were the causes and effects of Burgoyne’s actions? (Create a multi-flow map.)
15. How did Howe and St. Leger’s actions affect Burgoyne? (Create a multi-flow map)
16. How did Howe and St. Leger fail to follow through with the planned strategy?
17. Why did Burgoyne send troops into Vermont?
18. What are the Battles of Saratoga?
19. What were some important results of the colonial victories at the Battles of Saratoga? (Create a multi-flow map.)
Chapter 7 Section 1
1. What is a mercenary?
• A mercenary is a trained or professional soldier, hired to fight in a foreign country.
• British soldiers were usually signed up for life, which discouraged enlistment.
2. What is a strategy?
• A strategy is an overall plan of action.
3. What is a rendezvous?
• A rendezvous is a meeting.
4. Big Idea Review Question: What areas were mostly loyalist or patriot? Which colonists were loyalists and who were patriots and why?
• Many loyalists came from New York and the Southern colonies.
• 20-30% of colonists were loyalists. Quakers were loyalists because they their faith taught them it was wrong to fight. Some colonists were loyalists because they were government officials or clergy in the Church of England (Anglican Church).
• 40% to 45% of colonists were patriots.
• Patriots came from everywhere, but high numbers of patriots were from New England and Virginia.
5. How did the issue of revolution affect the Native Americans? (Create a multi-flow map)
• Native Americans were divided between both sides of the revolution. Some fought for the British and others fought with the Americans
• Some Natives Americans sided with the British because they feared that if the Americans won, the Americans would take their land.
• And those who lived near the colonist, and interacted with them sided with them.
How did the issue of revolution affect the African Americans? (Create a multi-flow map)
• African Americans fought on both sides.
• Mostly free African Americans fought for the Americans because slave states did not allow their slaves to enlist for fear the slaves would revolt.
• Runaway slaves fought for the British because they were offered freedom in return.
Who is George Washington and what did he do?
• Washington worked as a surveyor setting land boundaries in the wilderness.
• The French and Indian war made him the most famous American officer.
• He was the commander of the continental army in 1775.
• The continental army was formed by the states militias, which was made up of untrained volunteers.
What problems did Washington face in creating an army?
• The men were untrained and undisciplined.
• The men who enlisted for the war didn’t stay long because Congress asked them to signed up for one year. Later, Congress lengthened enlistment terms.
• Congress was unable to provide supplies and equipment to the army.
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What role did women play in helping the Continental Army?
• Women cooked, did laundry, were nurses who took care of wounded soldiers and fought.
• Some women even fought dressed as men.
Big Idea Review Question: Why did the British want to occupy the costal cities of the Middle Atlantic States?
• Britain wanted to occupy coastal cities so that their navy could land troops and supplies in those cities.
What course did the war take between July and December 1776?
• On July 1776 British general William Howe arrived in New York with a large army.
• In August about 9000 Hessian mercenaries arrived to fight for the British.
• Americans army fought for New York State, but the British forced Washington’s army to retreat through New Jersey.
• By December when the American army crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, it was in terrible condition.
What significant gains did the colonial troops make in at the Battle of Trenton?
• December 25, 1776 Washington’s troops crossed across the Delaware River into New Jersey.
• From New Jersey they marched to Trenton to surprise attack the Hessians.
• Most of the Hessians were sleeping after their Christmas celebration.
• The Americans captured or killed more than 900 Hessians and stole needed supplies.
• Washington’s army won another victory at Princeton eight days later.
• These victories gave the Americans hope they could defeat the British.
Big Idea Review Question: What was the British strategy in 1777?
• The British overall plan was to seize the Hudson River Valley.
• If successful the British would cut off New England from the other states.
• The strategy called for 3 armies to meet at Albany, New York.
• General John Burgoyne would led a force south from Canada
• Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger would lead his army from Lake Ontario down the Mohawk Valley.
• General Howe would lead his troops along the Hudson River toward New York City.
What were the causes and effects of Burgoyne’s actions? (Create a multi-flow map.)
• Burgoyone moved slowly and threw parties after victories.
• Americans had time to block Burgoyne’s path by cutting down trees.
• Americans were able to destroy crops and scare away cattle.
How did Howe and St. Leger’s actions affect Burgoyne? (Create a multi-flow map)
Howe and St. Leger’s Actions
• Howe did not meet Burgoyne at Albany; instead Howe invaded Pennsylvania and defeated Washington at the Battle of Brandywine Creek and captured Philadelphia.
• St. Ledger was trying to defeat
Affects on Burgoyne
• Burgoyne had not reinforcements to help him fight in New England and was eventually defeated at the Battle of Bennington.
• Burgoyne was forced to surrender at the Battles of Saratoga. p.2
How did Howe and St. Leger fail to follow through with the planned strategy?
• Instead of meeting Burgoyne, Howe invade Pennsylvania and capture Philadelphia.
• Instead of meeting Burgoyne St. Leger faced the Mohawk Indians and was tricked into retreating from New York.
Why did Burgoyne send troops into Vermont?
• Burgoyne’s army was running out of supplies and needed horses so he sent a raiding party into Vermont to see what they can find.
• The raiding party encountered New England troops, who badly defeated them at the Battle of Bennington on August 16,1777.
What are the Battles of Saratoga?
• The Battles of Saratoga were the series of events that led to Burgoyne’s surrender.
• Those events included the battle that broke out on October 7, Arnold led charges against the British.
• Eventually Arnold was shot in the leg and stopped him which led to Burgoyne’s retreat by the Americans.
• Burgoyne’s exhausted army moved through the heavy rain to a former army camp at Saratoga.
• Burgoyne’s army was surrounded by the Continental Army so Burgoyne decided to surrender.
What were some important results of the colonial victories at the Battles of Saratoga? (Create a multi-flow map.)
• The Battle of Saratoga is the series of events that led to Burgoyne’s surrender.
• While Benedict Arnold was recovering he came to feel that he wasn’t rewarded enough for his heroic actions at the Battle of Saratoga. Arnold’s feelings and his wife he caused him to betray his army.
• His plot was discovered before he could carry it out, so he escaped.
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