Complex Animals Tend to Have High Levels of Cell ______. Other Characteristics of Complex

Notes: Kingdom Animalia PreAP

Members of the kingdom Animalia are ______, ______, heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. Most are ______.

Like all other organisms, animals maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal environment. Homeostasis is maintained by ______, which is a process in which the result limits the process. Think of a thermostat and how it cools the room.

Complex animals tend to have high levels of cell ______. Other characteristics of complex animals:

1.  ______–have ______sides that are the same.

2.  ______- have a front end or head with a concentration of ______.

3.  ______- have a true body cavity lined with mesoderm (We will learn what makes a true coelom later.)

4.  Segmentation- different parts of the body are specialized for different ______(ex: our head holds sense organs, circulation and respiration is focused in the chest, movement carried out by our arms and legs)

2 Types of Animals:

1. Invertebrates: ______

2. Vertebrates: ______

Animal Survival

When studying animals, we will differentiate and classify them based on some of their structures and functions for survival.

1.  Feeding- ______strain floating organisms from the water, all else ingest their food through the mouth and then excrete waste through the anus.

2.  Respiration- gas exchange can occur by diffusion through ______called ______, across ______, or in ______

3.  Circulation- ______(only partially within vessels) or ______circulation (all enclosed in vessels)

4.  Excretion- various methods of ridding the body of ______; Example: sweat and urine

5.  Response- nervous tissue arrangement (eventually into a brain)

6.  Movement- some cannot move (______), some can move (______)

7.  Reproduction- ______; some even can do both methods or switch sexes in their lifetimes

Embryologic Development:

During sexual reproduction, the egg and the sperm come together to form a ______, or fertilized egg. The egg then begins to divide many times by ______until it becomes a ______, a solid ball of cells, and then eventually becomes a ______, or a hollow ball of cells. The cavity inside the blastula is called the ______. The blastula begins to fold in to form a tiny hole, called a ______, which eventually becomes an opening to the digestive tract. The blastopore continues to fold inward, which runs down the length of the embryo called the ______, or “ancient gut”, which becomes the digestive tract. The hollow ball with the archenteron is called a ______.

There are 2 fates that the blastopore can take:

1.  Protostome: ______

2.  Deuterostome: ______

Cells form in 3 layers called germ layers.

1.  Endoderm: inner; forms the lining of the ______

2.  Mesoderm: middle; forms ______

3.  Ectoderm: outer; forms ______

**Depending on how the three germ layers develop, a body cavity or coelom may form around the digestive tract. A true coelom is completely lined in ______. The evolutionary advantage of a coelom is that it provides a space for the internal organs to be ______and not be pressed upon by muscles or twisted out of shape by body movements. A ______, or false coelom, is only partially lined in ______.

Body Symmetry:

There are two types of symmetry

1.  ______Symmetry: body part repeats around the center of the body (like a star fish)

2.  ______Symmetry: the body can be divided into two equal halves (like a human being)

The 11 Phyla of Invertebrates:

1.  Porifera: sponges

·  ______

·  ______

2.  Cnidarians: corals, jellyfish, hydras

·  soft bodies,

·  carnivorous animals that have ______; has a ______for feeding and gas exchange

·  life cycle in two phases – polyp (______) and medusa (looks like jellyfish- ______)

3.  Ctenophora

·  Resemble medusa of Cnidarians, but differ in cell layers

·  ______symmetrical

·  Two long ______that aide in feeding and movement

·  All marine

4.  Platyhelminthes: flatworms: flukes, tubellarians, tapeworms

·  Some free-living, some parasitic

·  Have no body cavity- ______

·  Has a single opening into the digestive tract (______)

. 5. Rotifera: rotifers, “wheel animals”

·  Under 1mm in length

·  Use ______for feeding

·  have a false body cavity called a ______

4.  Nematoda: round worms

·  unsegmented worms

·  some cause disease, such as ______

·  have a pseudocoelom

5.  Annelida: segmented worms: earthworms, leeches

·  ______

·  free-living

6.  Mollusca:

·  soft bodies with______

·  3 groups:

o  ______: snails, slugs, limpits, nudibranchs

o  ______: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

o  ______: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish

7.  Arthropods:

·  Tough ______skeleton, segmented body

·  ______

·  4 groups:

o  ______: 2 pairs of antennae, chewing mouthparts; includes crawfish, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles

o  ______: 2 body parts, 4 pairs of walking legs; includes spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites

o  ______: millipedes and centipedes

o  ______: three body segments and three pairs of walking legs; 73% of all animals

8.  Echinodermata: sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars

·  Means “spiny skin”

·  ______

·  internal skeleton

·  ______- little suction cups that help in walking and feeding

9.  Chordata: sea squirts, lancelets

·  We will cover chordates in more detail in another set of notes

For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known:

______: toward the head

______: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus

______: at the front of, in front, belly side

______: behind, in the back of(top of the organism)

______: away from the center of the body

Specialization
(yes/no) / Symmetry
(radial/bilateral) / Body Cavity
(type if at all) / Protostome
Deuterostome / Digestion / Segmentation
(yes/no) / Skeleton / Examples / Extra info
Porifera
Cnideria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata