Area and/or Course: Agricultural Science - Dairy Industry
Lesson Title: Feeding Dairy Cattle
No. Periods: 1-2
Teacher Goal(s):
1. Students will understand different feedstuffs utilized for dairy cattle.
2. Students will realize the need for different feedstuffs.
Rigor/RelevanceFramework
Knowledge / 6
5
4
3
2
1 / C
Assimilation / D
Adaptation
A
Acquisition
___X___ / B
Application
1 2 3 4 5
Application
Objectives:
The student will be able to (TSWBT). (Oregon Skill Set numbers in parentheses at the end of the objective statement.)
1. Recognize the importance for proper feeding. (AGPC01.05.01.01)
2. Identify the functions of a ruminant animal. (AGPC01.01.01.00)
3. Examine developmental stages of dairy cattle to comprehend why nutrient
requirements are different throughout the life cycle. (AGPC01.03.01.00)
4. Identify the different feedstuffs used in the dairy industry.(AGPC01.03.02.00)
State Standards met by Objectives:
Common Benchmark
Category Subject Curr. Goal & Number
1. Science Life Science Organisms PASS
2. English Writing Communication PASS
3. CRLS Personal Manag. Work Ethic Criteria 2, 3, & 4
Materials, Equipment, Audio-Visual Aids:1. PowerPoint
2. Plastic bags of hay, silage (corn and grass),
pasture, sawdust, grain (barley, wheat,
corn), etc. / References:
Georgia Agriculture Education
http://en.wikipedia.org/
Anticipatory Set/Introduction/Motivation/Interest Approach:
Review Yesterday’s Lesson:
Give students 5 minutes to write a set of oral reasons for a class of dairy cows on PowerPoint. Have them turn them in when the five minutes are up.
(Ask the students) What are five things that should be done while writing Oral Reasons?
• Name of the class.
• Your placings.
• General appearances of the class.
• Descriptive points pertaining to each pair in the placing.
• Key points you would like to stress.
Set:
How many of you have a car or truck? After you purchased the vehicle, what kinds of expenses do you have on your car or truck?
Encourage students to respond. (List responses on board, i.e. insurance, repairs, etc.)
Which of these is your biggest single expense (other than possibly a car payment)?
The answer that you’re looking for is fuel costs.
Just like fuel for your car is your biggest expense, fuel (or feed) is the biggest expense to keep the dairy cow operating. In fact, about 50% of the total cost of making milk is feed costs.)
Corn, silage, hay, and other feeds are stored energy.
Explain that energy comes from the sun, and green plants store this energy.
When dairy cows eat these plants, they convert that energy to the stored energy in milk. In turn, humans consume the milk that provides energy, originally from the sun, to our bodies.
(It is a cycle)!!!!!!!!!
Transition (Use Objective):
Today we are going to see learning about what dairy cows eat. We will start by,
1. Recognize the importance for proper feeding
2. Identify the functions of a ruminant animal.
3. Examine developmental stages of dairy cattle to comprehend why nutrient
requirements are different throughout the life cycle.
4. Identify the different feedstuffs used in the dairy industry.
Strategy – Includes Teacher Activity, Student Activity, Questions/Answers and Objectives / Subject Matter Outline/Problem and Solution (Application Points Lace in Throughout Lesson) (Modeling, Guided Practice, and Content)Objective 1:
Teacher: PowerPoint
Students: Take Notes
Q: What are the goals of the feeding program?
A: Solicit student responses. (To get maximum efficiency of production while minimizing the cost of the feed.)
Q: Why can proper feeding be so important?
A: Differences in growth and milk production are about 25% heredity (due to genetics) and 75% environmental, so proper feeding can have a large and positive impact on milk production. / Dairy Cattle are the result of….
1. Genetics
2. Health
3. Care and Management
4. What they eat
• 50% of the total cost of making milk is feed.
• Investing in high quality feed will pay for itself. The type of feed used influences milk production more than anything else.
Objective 2:
Teacher: PowerPoint
Students: Take Notes
Q: Why do cows chew a cud?
A: To further breakdown in the mouth partially digested food.
Q: How many stomach compartments do you think a cow has? Can you name them all?
A: 4, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.
Q: What other animal species chew their cud?
A: cattle, sheep, goats, deer and camels.
Have students draw (in their notebook) the diagram of the cow on the right. Make sure they draw and label the four compartments of the stomach correctly. / Ruminant - Animals having four stomach compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasums) through which food passes in digestion. These animals chew their cud or regurgitate partially digested food for further breakdown in the mouth. Ruminant animals include cattle, sheep, goats, deer and camels.
· The rumen is the first and largest stomach compartment of a ruminant.
· The reticulum is second stomach compartment of a ruminant. It is also called a honeycomb.
· The omasum is the third division of the stomach of a ruminant. It is also called manyplies.
· The abomasum is the fourth stomach compartment (true stomach) of a ruminant.
Objective 3:
Q: Does a dairy animals diet change throughout its life?
A: Yes, depending on what stage it is at.
Q: How many stages do you think a dairy animal has in its life?
A: (4) birth to calving, first calf dams, mature lactating cows, dry periods. / The life of a dairy animal may be divided into 4 stages.
A. Help students to identify/recognize those stages:
1 - birth to calving
2 - first calf dams
3 - mature lactating cows
4 - dry periods
B. Each stage may require different diets.
Objective 4:
Teacher: Continue to use PowerPoint, but also show them plastic bags with different feedstuffs in them.
Students: Keep taking notes, but have them take a good look of the different feedstuffs as they are passed around the room.
Q: What do dairy animals eat?
A: A balance ration of many different feedstuffs (Roughages, Forages, Hay, Pasture, Concentrates).
Q: What is a Feedstuff?
A: any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them (meeting all of their nutritional needs).
Q: When cows are out eating in a pasture, what type of feed are they eating?
A: Roughage
Q: What are other examples of roughages that cows might eat?
A: Hay, silage, haylage, cottonseed hulls, corncobs, sawdust, beet tops, root crops, oat hulls, peanut hay, newspapers.
Q: What are those long white bags on dairy farms (some are over 300 feet)?
A: Silage bags. They store chopped grass or corn in them.
Q: What types of feedstuffs do humans share with dairy animals?
A: Concentrates - List three different ones in your notebook (corn, wheat, and barley).
Q: Concentrates are generally high in ______and ______.
A: energy and protein.
Q: What By-Products are left over from mills?
A: cereal grains, oilseeds, root crops, dried beet pulp and tops, distillery and brewing, unused bakery products, fruits and nuts, soy bean meal. By-Products can be high in protein (some 50% or greater). Price depends on the area and availability of the by-product. Sometimes it can be very cost affective.
Q: What element can be converted to protein in the rumen of a dairy animal?
A: Nitrogen
Q: What vitamins do adult ruminants need? Which vitamins are synthesized by them? Which vitamin is created by sunlight?
A: 1. Vitamin A, D, & E
2. Vitamin B, C, & K
3. Vitamin D
Q: What are some special feeds used on dairy farms?
A: Colostrum, Milk Replacer, Fat and oils, fat, Molasses,
Q: Why are additives, implants, and injections used in dairy production?
A: To improve feed efficiency. The greatest cost in the dairy industry is feed. If farmers can improve efficiency, they can make more money while spending less to do it. / 1. Feedstuffs are…
a) Any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them.
b) Most provide one or more nutrients.
c) Nonnutritive = flavor, color, palatability, adding bulk, preservatives.
2. Feed Classifications
a) Roughages
b) Concentrates
c) By-product feeds
d) Protein Supplements
e) Minerals
f) Vitamins
g) Special Feeds
h) Additives, Implants, & Injections
3. Feed Classifications (Breakdown)
A. Roughages:
· Bulky feeds low in weight per unit
· Contain more than 18% crude fiber
· Low in Energy
· Natural feeds of ruminants
· Generally low in digestibility
· High in Ca, K, and trace minerals
· Higher in fat-soluble vitamins
· Protein varies
Examples:
*Pasture - Plants, such as grass, grown for feeding or grazing animals. Also serves as a place to feed cattle and other livestock.
*Hay - Dried feed consisting of the entire plant. Alfalfa, clover, grass, and oat hay are used in dairy rations.
*Silage - A feed prepared by chopping green forage (grass & field corn) and placing the material in a structure designed to exclude air. The material then undergoes fermentation, retarding spoilage. Silage has a water content of between 60 and 80%.
B. Concentrates:
· High energy or high protein feeds.
· Low in fiber (under 18%).
· Consisting primarily of the seed of the plant.
· With out stems and leaves.
· Availability and Price: Need to substitute concentrates for each other as price changes.
Examples:
*Corn, Sorghum, barley, rye, oats, wheat, triticale
C. By-Product feeds:
· Feeds left over from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing.
· Roughage and Concentrate.
· Effective & Profitable Use: Price, composition be known, palatable and consumed, not adversely affect carcass quality, chemical residues & pesticides.
D. Protein Supplements:
· More than 20% protein.
· Animal Protein Supplements: Most not allowed in the dairy industry.
· Plant Protein Supplements: oilseed by-products, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, peanut meal, safflower meal, rapeseed meal.
· Ruminants = protein quality is less important.
· Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources (NPN): Ruminants - microorganisms (simple plants) in rumen convert nitrogen into protein.
E. Vitamin Supplements:
· Vitamins are destroyed by heat, sunlight, oxidation, mold growth.
· Adult Ruminants: A, D, E
· Synthesize B, C, K vitamins.
· Sunlight = Vit. D
F. Special Feeds:
· Colostrum, Milk Replacer, Fat and oils, fat, Molasses.
G. Additives, Implants, & Injections
(BST, MGA) chemicals that regulate
growth, modify rumen activity, improve
feed efficiency increase 15% each yr.
Closure/Summary/Conclusion (Tie in Objectives)
Once you have classified all of the proper feedstuffs, then you just need to figure out a ration to feed your dairy animal (percentage of each feedstuff that will be present in the diet). Proper feeding will improve feed efficiency, as well as, improve milk production. Not only is feeding 50% of the expense, it also effects milk production. If dairy animals receive cheap feed, they will produce less.
Today we have recognized the importance pf proper feeding, identified functions of ruminant animals, looked at stages of dairy cattle to comprehend nutrient requirements of each stage, and identified feedstuffs used in the dairy industry. You should have a good understanding of each objective for the quiz at the beginning of the next class.
Evaluation: (Authentic forms of Evaluation, Quizzes, or Written Exam)
A quiz will be given at the beginning of the next class. There will be questions pulled from all of the information given throughout this lesson.
Assignments: (Student Activities Involved in Lesson/Designed to Meet Objectives)
Students will take notes in their notebooks, and they will also be required to draw the diagrams that are presented during the class.
Lesson Reflection
The lesson started off with a good anticipatory set. Students seemed to be engaged the whole class. When I asked them questions they were quick to respond. They already knew a lot of information about feedstuffs. That really surprised me because I hadn’t spent anytime on this material prior to this lesson. I thought that the Ziploc bags of feed were a huge success. Students could touch, feel, and smell what we were discussing. This type of visual aide kept the students interested. I would like to create a lab using different feeds to further the depth of our discussion. I also felt this class should have been taught over two class periods instead of one.