Biology I Midterm 2017 Study Guide

These questions are designed to get you thinking about all the concepts we have discussed from Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8. However, you will be responsible for knowing ALL the information fromthose chapters.

Chapter 1

  1. What is a hypothesis?
  2. What are the steps of the scientific method, and what happens in each step?
  3. What is meant by the phrase “scientific questions must both be testable and verifiable”?
  4. What is the independent variable in an experiment?
  5. What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
  6. What is the purpose of the control in an experiment?
  7. What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
  8. What does sample size do for accuracy of data?
  9. What is the purpose of repeating an experiment?
  10. What is bias?
  11. How can a researcher avoid bias in an experiment?
  12. If you create a graph, where do you put the dependent variable? The independent?
  13. Review tools used in the laboratory.
  14. What tool would a scientist use to measure the change in an object’s mass?
  15. On which axis of a graph do you place the independent variable?
  16. On which axis of a graph do you place the dependent variable?
  17. What is a theory?

Chapter 3

1. What are the monomers of each of the following: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids? Draw and label an example of each of the monomers.

2. What does the term “organic” mean?

3. What is dehydration synthesis?

4. What is hydrolysis?

5. Which reagent is used to test for simple sugars? What color is this reagent prior to reaction? What color does it turn in the presence of simple sugars?

4. Which reagent is used to test for complex carbohydrates such as starch?What color is this reagent prior to reaction? What color does it turn in the presence of starches?

5. Which reagent is used to test for lipids?What color is this reagent prior to reaction? Whathappens in a positive test for lipids?

6. What is another possible test for lipids? What does a positive test look like?

7. Which reagent is use to test for protein? What color is this reagent prior to reaction? What color does it turn in the presence of protein?

8. What is the induced fit model of enzyme activity?

9. What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity?

10. What does an enzyme do for a reaction? How (be specific)?

10. What factors can increase the rate of enzyme activity?

11. What factors can decrease the rate of enzyme activity?

12. Draw and explain a graph showing the use of energy over time in a reaction both with and without the use of an enzyme.

13. Be able to interpret graphs illustrating enzyme activity.

14. What are the two types of nucleic acids?

15. What is the function of nucleic acids?

16. Which macromolecule provides short-term energy storage?

17. Which macromolecule provides long-term energy storage?

Chapter 4

1. What types of organisms are prokaryotic?

2. What types of organism are eukaryotic?

3. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of DNA? How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of structures in their cells?

4. For the below organelles, describe the structure and state the main function of that organelle

  1. mitochondrion
  2. roughendoplasmic reticulum
  3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  4. cell wall
  5. ribosome
  6. centriole
  7. lysosome
  8. Golgi apparatus
  9. chloroplast
  10. vacuole
  11. central vacuole
  12. nucleus
  13. nucleolus
  14. cell membrane

5. List and describe at least THREE structures that differ between plant and animal cells.

6. Draw an example of both a plant AND an animal cell.

7. What are the three principles of the cell theory?

8. What is considered to be the basic unit of life?

9. What three structures do ALL cells have, regardless of cell type?

Chapter 5

1. What is diffusion?

2. What is osmosis?

3. Define the following terms and state what would happen to an animal AND a plant cell placed in each type of solution.

a. isotonic b. hypotonic c. hypertonic

4. What is turgor pressure? Why is it important to plants?

5. What is plasmolysis? What causes it (i.e., what type of solution)?

6. What are the differences between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport?

7. What molecule provides energy for active transport?

8. Why might a molecule need to use active transport to enter a cell?

9. What types of molecules can enter a cell using diffusion?

10. What are the two types of facilitated diffusion? Explain both.

11. What are the three types of active transport? Explain each.

12. What does the term semipermeable mean? How does it relate to transport across a cell membrane?

13. What is the overall function of the plasma membrane?

14. How are phospholipids arranged in a plasma membrane? Draw a picture to show this. Label the parts of the phospholipid that are hydrophobic and which are hydrophilic, and which are polar and which are non-polar.

15. Draw the direction of water movement as it relates to solute concentration in an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic environment.

16. What is a concentration gradient? What does it have to do with the movement of particles across a membrane?

17. What cell structure controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell?

18. Describe what is meant by “fluid mosaic model.”

19. What does equilibrium mean?

20. In an isotonic solution, does water ever stop moving? Explain.

21. What is a solute?

22. What is a solvent?

Chapters 6 & 7

1. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

2. What are the parts of photosynthesis? What happens in each stage?

3. What is the purpose of the light reactions?

4. What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

5. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

6. What are the parts of cellular respiration? What happens in each stage?

7. How is the electron transport chain similar in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? How does it differ?

8. What types of cells do photosynthesis? Cellular respiration?

9. What is the energy molecule of the cell? What does it look like (what are the three main parts?)

10. How are the products and reactants of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related (be specific! List the reactants and products of each)?

11. What acts as the final electron acceptor at the end of cellular respiration?

12. Which molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

13. For what purpose is the ATP made in the photosynthesis light-dependent reactions used?

14. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

15. What is glycolysis? What does it have to do with fermentation?

16. What is fermentation?

17. List two different types of fermentation and the types of organisms that would complete each process.

18. What is the advantage of fermentation? The disadvantage?

19. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

20. What organelle is associated with photosynthesis?

21. What organelle is associated with cellular respiration?

22. Why might muscle cells have more mitochondria?

23. Which stage of cell respiration makes the most ATP?

24. Where do the following processes of cell respiration occur? a.) Glycolysis, b.) Krebs Cycle, c.) Electron Transport Chain

25. Where do the following processes of photosynthesis occur? a.) Light-Dependent Reactions, b.) Light-Independent Reactions

26. What is a heterotroph?

27. What is an autotroph?

28. Be familiar with the structure of a chloroplast and which processes of photosynthesis occur where.

  • Grana
  • Thylakoids
  • Stroma
  • Chlorophyll
  • Double-membrane

29. Be familiar with the structure of a mitochondrion and which processes of cell respiration occur where.

  • Cristae
  • Matrix
  • Intermembrane Space
  • Double-membrane

30. What are stomata?

Chapter 8

1. List, draw, AND describe the stages of mitosis.

2. Why is cell division important for any organism?

3. During the cell cycle and mitosis, what occurs with the chromosomes of the cells? Describe the changes from chromatin, to chromosomes, to sister chromatids.

4. What are sister chromatids?

5. What do the terms “diploid” and “haploid” mean?

6. How do the chromosomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ?

7. What is binary fission? In what type of cell does it happen?

8. What is a spindle fiber? What is its purpose?

9. How many cells are produced in mitosis? How do the daughter cells compare to the parent cell?

10. What is meiosis?

11. How many cells are produced in meiosis? How do the daughter cells compare to the parent cell.

12. What are the phases of mitosis? What happens in each phase?

13. How many cell divisions (not total number of stages) are there in meiosis?

14. What is crossing-over? When does it occur?

15. What is independent assortment of chromosomes?

16. What are the two processes that contribute to genetic variation in meiosis?

17. What are autosomes?

18. What is a karyotype?

19. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?

20. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

  • Describe the purpose of each process
  • Which one produces diploid cells and which one produces haploid cells?
  • How many cells are produced at the end of each process?
  • Are the daughter cells genetically identical or different from each other and the original cell?
  • In what type of cell does each process occur?
  • How many total chromosomes are in the daughter cells?

21. What are the three stages of interphase of mitosis and what occurs in each stage? (Be specific!)

22. In Anaphase I of Meiosis I, what is separated?

23. In Anaphase II of Meiosis II, what is separated?

24. How many total chromosomes are in a human body (somatic) cell?

25. How many total chromosomes are in a human sex (germ) cell?