Citation Skills
Made Easy!
Two main types of citation methods are referred to in this booklet, they are:
Harvard System
and the
British Standard
Content Page
Harvard System
Page 4 General Information when Citing
How to Cite References within my Work
Page 5 Two Authors
Page 5 No author name
Page 5 No author and date of publication
Secondary Referencing
Page 5 In the body of your text
How to cite References in bibliography
Page 6 Within your bibliography
Page 6 For books
Page 6 Chapter of book
Page 7 Journal Article
Page 7 Newspaper articles
Page 7 Electronic books (e-books)
Internet Pages
Page 8 Referencing Internet site
Page 8 Electronic Journals (with paper copies)
Page 9 Electronic Journals (published solely on Web no
paper copy)
Page 9 Images
Internet Database
Page 8 Citing a section/extract from internet database
Page 8 Citing whole internet database
Page 8-9 Quoting article form CD ROM database
Communications
Page 9 Letter
Page 9 Conversation
Page 9 Fax
Page 9 E-Mail
Page 9 Text message
Electronic Discussion Group
Page 9 Cite message from discussion group
Page 9 Cite entire discussion group
Virtual Learning Environment
Page 10 Tutor’s notes
Page 10 Citing journal article from VLE
Page 10 Using material from digitised book stored on VLE
Page 10 Citing a message from discussion group from VLE
Page 11 Computer Programmes
Reference Materials
Page 11 Citing Conference
Page 11 Citing Conference paper(s)
Page 11 Conference papers published on internet
Page 11 Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias whole volume
Page 12 Cite an article from Dictionary/Encyclopaedia
Page 12 Citing one volume from a series
Page 12 Illustrations and Tables
Page 12 Interviews
Page 12 Manuscripts
Page 13 Maps
Page 13 Geographical maps
Page 13 Reports
Page 13 Theses
Page 13 Reviews
Visual and Audiovisual
Page 14 Microfilm
Page 14 Television
Page 14 Radio
Page 14 Audiocassette
Page 14 Film
Page 14 Videocassette
Page 15 DVD
Page 15 Photographs and Slides
Page 15 Musical scores
British Standard
How to cite references within my work
Page 15 Numeric System
How to cite within Bibliography
Page 16 For a book
Page 16 Off the web
Page 16 Newspaper
Page 16 Footnotes
Page 16 Abbreviations
Page 16 Conclusion
Harvard System
General Information when citing
Author/editor
Put surname first, followed by initial of forename
If there is more than three authors put et al
If book is edited they put (ed.) after their name
Year of publication
Put the year of publication or last date website was updated in round brackets
Title
Always quote the title found on the title page,
Never abbreviate
Always start with capital letter
Edition
If it is a first edition you do not need to record this
Editions after the first are always recorded
Edition shortened to edn.
Place of publication and publisher
This information is usually found at bottom of title page
Series
Include series and volume number if applicable
Page Reference
If using material from a page quote that page number
Always put the letter p in front of the number
Title of Journal/Newspaper
Always use the title on front page
Never abbreviate
Use italics to make it stand out clearer
Issue Information
Volume number
Issue number, month or season
Year of publication
Page reference
Same as for books
URL
The uniform Resource Locator (url) as it is written in the address bar on computer http://www ….Date accessed
The date you found the information on the web place in round brackets( )
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Harvard Method - How to cite references within my work
Author’s name, year of publication, page number(s) examples:
Guy (2005, p.78) confirmed that people living…….
or
In a recent article relating to people living in poor housing (Guy, 2005, p.78) stated that…..
In cases were there are two authors
Guy & White (2005, p.78) stated that……
When the name of the author cannot be identified then quote the title of the article were you found the information:
In a recent report (Living condition in Britain, 2005 p.78) it was stated that…..
If there is no author and date of publication is unknown
In a recent report (Living condition in Britain, date unknown, p.78) it was suggested….
In this modern age more people are using the web as references, follow the guideline above, but in cases were there is no identifiable author or title then they following method is accepted:
In a recent report (http://www.recentreport.gov.uk, 2005)
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Secondary Referencing
If you are using a piece of work that has already been cited in someone else’s work
you must make it clear that you have not read the original work and that you are referring to it as a secondary source.
In the body of your text
Author, Year of publication ( ), author of original piece of work
Little (2004, pp12-13) agreed with the findings of Guy on the causes of poverty in Britan
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Harvard Method – How to cite references in bibliography
Within your bibliography entries are listed alphabetically
Within your bibliography
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of publication (in italics), Place of publication: Publisher
Little, A.(2004), Poverty and its Causes, London: Collins Press.
· You do not include information on Guy as you have not read the original text. The reader of your work can go to the bibliography in Little to find the full bibliographic reference to Guy’s work
For Book(s)
Author’s name (if no name then list by title), year of publication, title, edition, place of publication/publisher
Guy (2005) Living Conditions in Britain. 3rd edn. HarperCollins
Chapter from a book
Author of chapter, year of publication (round brackets), Title of chapter (in quotation marks), ‘in’ author/editor of book, Title of book(in italics), Place of publication/publisher, page reference
Grey, S. (2005) ‘How the other half live’, in Guy, Living conditions in Britain, Birmingham:Collins, pp71-77
Reprint Edition of Books
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (italics), Reprint, Place of publication: publisher, Date
Guy, D. (1904), The last Dance, Reprint, Birmingham, Oldham Press, 2004.
· On more recent work you should also give the original publication details, enter after the title of the book and before Reprint.
Journal Article
Author, year of publication ( ), Title of article in (quotation marks), Title of journal in (italics), Issue information (volume, part number, month or season), page reference
Guy, (2005) ‘Slum dwellings in London 1879’ Poverty in Nineteenth Century Britain, vol. 3, Jan, pp.89-91
Newspaper Articles
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (single quotes), Title of newspaper, Day and Month, Page reference
Smith P. (2005) ‘Water Ban Imposed’ Belfast Telegraph, 23 June, p.1
· If no author is given start with title of publication in italics
Electronic books (e-books)
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (italics), Name of e-book supplier, Online in [ ], Available at: url, (accessed: date)
Guy, (2005) Times gone Bye, Virtual Library [Online]. Available at http://www.virtuallibrary.com (accessed 31 August 2006)
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Internet pages
Referencing internet site
Author, year site was published ( ), Title of internet site (italics). Available at url, (accessed when)
Guy, (2004) Housing through the ages. Available at: http://www.housingin Britain.com/ (accessed: 31August 2005)
Electronic Journals
These are journals that have a paper original but can also be found on the internet
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of collection (in italics) [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
Guy, (2004) ‘How the other half live’, Journal British History, vol. 24(2), pp90-120, Emerald, [Online]. Available at http://www.emerald.org/britishhistory, (Accessed: 31 August 2005)
There are journals that are now published on the internet solely and have no paper copy
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
Guy, (2004) ‘How the other half live’, Journal British History, vol 24(2), pp90-120, [Online]. Available at http://www.emerald.org/britishhistory, (Accessed: 31 August 2005)
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Images
Author/Artist, Year of publication ( ), Title of image (in italics), [Online image], Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
Guy (2005) Langford Street 180, [Online image]. Available at http://www.images.com/langfordstreet/
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Internet Database
Citing a section or extract from an internet database
Title of section/extract (in quotation marks), Year of publication ( ), Name of database (in italics), [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
‘Allocation of rooms report’ (2004 august), Happy Face Hotel reservation database [Online]. Available at: http://www.happyfacehotel.com/reservations/
(Accessed: 31 August2005)
Citing whole internet database
Database title (in italics), Year of publication ( ), [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
Happy Face Hotel reservation database, (2004 august), [Online]. Available at: http://www.happyfacehotel.com/reservations/ (Accessed: 31 August2005)
Quoting an article (journal/newspaper) from a CD ROM database
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of journal/newspaper (in italics), Volume, date, page numbers, [CD ROM]. Producer, Available.
Guy, (2005), ‘The good life’, Belfast Telegraph, vol 1, 23rd August pp21-23 [CD ROM]. World of CD. Belfast Telegraph.
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Communications
In the electronic age communication between people occurs using many different mediums; telephone, fax, letter, e-mail and lectures are all dealt with below:
Sender/speaker/author, Year of communication ( ), Medium. Receiver of message. Day/Month of communication
White, (2005) Letter to C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Conversation with C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Fax to C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Telephone conversation with C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) E-mail to C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Text to C. Guy, 21 August
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Electronic Discussion Group
To cite a particular message from a discussion group.
Author, Year of message ( ), Subject of the message (in quotation marks), [Online], Electronic conference (in italics), Date posted: day/month, Available e-mail: email address
Guy, (2005) ‘Rowntree poverty report’ [Online], Third year Social Science discussion group, 2 September. Available E-mail:
To cite the entire discussion group
List name (in italics), [Online], Available E-mail: email address
Third year Social Science discussion group, [Online], Available e-mail:
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Virtual Learning Environment
Using Tutor’s notes
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of item (single quotation marks), Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date)
Guy (2005) ‘useful quotes for assignment on poverty’, Poverty Nineteenth Century Britain, [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 September 2005)
Citing a journal article found on VLE
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (single quotation marks), Title of Journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).
Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, British History, vol. 2, 23, pp.23-29,
Poverty [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)
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Using material from a digitised book stored on Virtual Learning Environment
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (in italics), Place of publication: publisher (if available) page number(s), Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).
Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, Birmingham, Smith Publishing, pp.23-29, Poverty [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)
Using a message from a course discussion board
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of message (in quotation marks), Title of discussion board (in italics), Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).
Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, Third year Social Science discussion group, Poverty [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)
Computer Programmes
Citing a computer programme
Author, Date ( ), Title of programme (in italics), Version ( ), [Form], Availability: (how to get access to programme e.g. distributor, address, order /list number)
Guy (2005) Heart monitoring, (version 2, Java for PC) [Computer programme] Available BIC Software, High Street, Belfast, List number 2434
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Reference Materials
Citing the Conference
Author/Editor, Year of publication ( ), Title of conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Place of publication: publisher.
Sudgan, F (2005) Plagiarism, Manchester 23 September 2005, Manchester: Manchester University Press
Citing Conference paper(s)
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of paper (single quotes), Title of conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Place of publication: publisher, Page references for paper
Sudgan, F (2005) ‘Plagiarism in HE’, Plagiarism, Manchester 23 September 2005, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp 24-35
Conference papers published on internet
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of paper (single quotes), Title of conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Publisher, Available at: URL (Accessed: date), Page references for paper
Sudgan, F (2005) ‘Plagiarism in HE’, Plagiarism, Manchester 23 September 2005, Manchester University Press, Available: http://www.manchester-university.ac.uk/plagiarism/plagiarismh.html/ , (Accessed 21 September 2005)
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Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias
To cite whole volume
Title (italics), Date ( ), Place of Publication/Publisher
Collins Gem English Dictionary (2000), Glasgow: Omnia Books Ltd
To cite an article from a volume
Author, Date ( ), Title of article (quotes), Name of Volume, Edition, Volume, Page
Smith, J ( 2001), ‘Famine’ Reader’s Digest Encyclopaedia, edn 3, vol A-M, pp. 22-24
Citing one volume from a series
Title (Italics) Volume, Year of publication ( ), Place of publication/publisher
Readers Digest Encyclopaedia, vol 1, (1999), London: Corpus publishers
Illustrations and Tables
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title (italics), Place of publication: publisher, Page reference, illustration/ figure/ table/ map.
· Illustration can be abbreviated to illus, figure to fig.