Citation Skills

Made Easy!

Two main types of citation methods are referred to in this booklet, they are:

Harvard System

and the

British Standard

Content Page

Harvard System

Page 4 General Information when Citing

How to Cite References within my Work

Page 5 Two Authors

Page 5 No author name

Page 5 No author and date of publication

Secondary Referencing

Page 5 In the body of your text

How to cite References in bibliography

Page 6 Within your bibliography

Page 6 For books

Page 6 Chapter of book

Page 7 Journal Article

Page 7 Newspaper articles

Page 7 Electronic books (e-books)

Internet Pages

Page 8 Referencing Internet site

Page 8 Electronic Journals (with paper copies)

Page 9 Electronic Journals (published solely on Web no

paper copy)

Page 9 Images

Internet Database

Page 8 Citing a section/extract from internet database

Page 8 Citing whole internet database

Page 8-9 Quoting article form CD ROM database

Communications

Page 9 Letter

Page 9 Conversation

Page 9 Fax

Page 9 E-Mail

Page 9 Text message

Electronic Discussion Group

Page 9 Cite message from discussion group

Page 9 Cite entire discussion group

Virtual Learning Environment

Page 10 Tutor’s notes

Page 10 Citing journal article from VLE

Page 10 Using material from digitised book stored on VLE

Page 10 Citing a message from discussion group from VLE

Page 11 Computer Programmes

Reference Materials

Page 11 Citing Conference

Page 11 Citing Conference paper(s)

Page 11 Conference papers published on internet

Page 11 Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias whole volume

Page 12 Cite an article from Dictionary/Encyclopaedia

Page 12 Citing one volume from a series

Page 12 Illustrations and Tables

Page 12 Interviews

Page 12 Manuscripts

Page 13 Maps

Page 13 Geographical maps

Page 13 Reports

Page 13 Theses

Page 13 Reviews

Visual and Audiovisual

Page 14 Microfilm

Page 14 Television

Page 14 Radio

Page 14 Audiocassette

Page 14 Film

Page 14 Videocassette

Page 15 DVD

Page 15 Photographs and Slides

Page 15 Musical scores

British Standard

How to cite references within my work

Page 15 Numeric System

How to cite within Bibliography

Page 16 For a book

Page 16 Off the web

Page 16 Newspaper

Page 16 Footnotes

Page 16 Abbreviations

Page 16 Conclusion

Harvard System

General Information when citing

Author/editor

Put surname first, followed by initial of forename

If there is more than three authors put et al

If book is edited they put (ed.) after their name

Year of publication

Put the year of publication or last date website was updated in round brackets

Title

Always quote the title found on the title page,

Never abbreviate

Always start with capital letter

Edition

If it is a first edition you do not need to record this

Editions after the first are always recorded

Edition shortened to edn.

Place of publication and publisher

This information is usually found at bottom of title page

Series

Include series and volume number if applicable

Page Reference

If using material from a page quote that page number

Always put the letter p in front of the number

Title of Journal/Newspaper

Always use the title on front page

Never abbreviate

Use italics to make it stand out clearer

Issue Information

Volume number

Issue number, month or season

Year of publication

Page reference

Same as for books

URL

The uniform Resource Locator (url) as it is written in the address bar on computer http://www ….Date accessed

The date you found the information on the web place in round brackets( )

Return to content page

Harvard Method - How to cite references within my work

Author’s name, year of publication, page number(s) examples:

Guy (2005, p.78) confirmed that people living…….

or

In a recent article relating to people living in poor housing (Guy, 2005, p.78) stated that…..

In cases were there are two authors

Guy & White (2005, p.78) stated that……

When the name of the author cannot be identified then quote the title of the article were you found the information:

In a recent report (Living condition in Britain, 2005 p.78) it was stated that…..

If there is no author and date of publication is unknown

In a recent report (Living condition in Britain, date unknown, p.78) it was suggested….

In this modern age more people are using the web as references, follow the guideline above, but in cases were there is no identifiable author or title then they following method is accepted:

In a recent report (http://www.recentreport.gov.uk, 2005)

Return to content page

Secondary Referencing

If you are using a piece of work that has already been cited in someone else’s work

you must make it clear that you have not read the original work and that you are referring to it as a secondary source.

In the body of your text

Author, Year of publication ( ), author of original piece of work

Little (2004, pp12-13) agreed with the findings of Guy on the causes of poverty in Britan

Return to content page

Harvard Method – How to cite references in bibliography

Within your bibliography entries are listed alphabetically

Within your bibliography

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of publication (in italics), Place of publication: Publisher

Little, A.(2004), Poverty and its Causes, London: Collins Press.

·  You do not include information on Guy as you have not read the original text. The reader of your work can go to the bibliography in Little to find the full bibliographic reference to Guy’s work

For Book(s)

Author’s name (if no name then list by title), year of publication, title, edition, place of publication/publisher

Guy (2005) Living Conditions in Britain. 3rd edn. HarperCollins

Chapter from a book

Author of chapter, year of publication (round brackets), Title of chapter (in quotation marks), ‘in’ author/editor of book, Title of book(in italics), Place of publication/publisher, page reference

Grey, S. (2005) ‘How the other half live’, in Guy, Living conditions in Britain, Birmingham:Collins, pp71-77

Reprint Edition of Books

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (italics), Reprint, Place of publication: publisher, Date

Guy, D. (1904), The last Dance, Reprint, Birmingham, Oldham Press, 2004.

·  On more recent work you should also give the original publication details, enter after the title of the book and before Reprint.

Journal Article

Author, year of publication ( ), Title of article in (quotation marks), Title of journal in (italics), Issue information (volume, part number, month or season), page reference

Guy, (2005) ‘Slum dwellings in London 1879’ Poverty in Nineteenth Century Britain, vol. 3, Jan, pp.89-91

Newspaper Articles

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (single quotes), Title of newspaper, Day and Month, Page reference

Smith P. (2005) ‘Water Ban Imposed’ Belfast Telegraph, 23 June, p.1

·  If no author is given start with title of publication in italics

Electronic books (e-books)

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (italics), Name of e-book supplier, Online in [ ], Available at: url, (accessed: date)

Guy, (2005) Times gone Bye, Virtual Library [Online]. Available at http://www.virtuallibrary.com (accessed 31 August 2006)

Return to content page

Internet pages

Referencing internet site

Author, year site was published ( ), Title of internet site (italics). Available at url, (accessed when)

Guy, (2004) Housing through the ages. Available at: http://www.housingin Britain.com/ (accessed: 31August 2005)

Electronic Journals

These are journals that have a paper original but can also be found on the internet

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of collection (in italics) [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)

Guy, (2004) ‘How the other half live’, Journal British History, vol. 24(2), pp90-120, Emerald, [Online]. Available at http://www.emerald.org/britishhistory, (Accessed: 31 August 2005)

There are journals that are now published on the internet solely and have no paper copy

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)

Guy, (2004) ‘How the other half live’, Journal British History, vol 24(2), pp90-120, [Online]. Available at http://www.emerald.org/britishhistory, (Accessed: 31 August 2005)

Return to content page

Images

Author/Artist, Year of publication ( ), Title of image (in italics), [Online image], Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)

Guy (2005) Langford Street 180, [Online image]. Available at http://www.images.com/langfordstreet/

Return to content page

Internet Database

Citing a section or extract from an internet database

Title of section/extract (in quotation marks), Year of publication ( ), Name of database (in italics), [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)

‘Allocation of rooms report’ (2004 august), Happy Face Hotel reservation database [Online]. Available at: http://www.happyfacehotel.com/reservations/

(Accessed: 31 August2005)

Citing whole internet database

Database title (in italics), Year of publication ( ), [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)

Happy Face Hotel reservation database, (2004 august), [Online]. Available at: http://www.happyfacehotel.com/reservations/ (Accessed: 31 August2005)

Quoting an article (journal/newspaper) from a CD ROM database

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of journal/newspaper (in italics), Volume, date, page numbers, [CD ROM]. Producer, Available.

Guy, (2005), ‘The good life’, Belfast Telegraph, vol 1, 23rd August pp21-23 [CD ROM]. World of CD. Belfast Telegraph.

Return to content page

Communications

In the electronic age communication between people occurs using many different mediums; telephone, fax, letter, e-mail and lectures are all dealt with below:

Sender/speaker/author, Year of communication ( ), Medium. Receiver of message. Day/Month of communication

White, (2005) Letter to C. Guy, 21 August

White, (2005) Conversation with C. Guy, 21 August

White, (2005) Fax to C. Guy, 21 August

White, (2005) Telephone conversation with C. Guy, 21 August

White, (2005) E-mail to C. Guy, 21 August

White, (2005) Text to C. Guy, 21 August

Return to content page

Electronic Discussion Group

To cite a particular message from a discussion group.

Author, Year of message ( ), Subject of the message (in quotation marks), [Online], Electronic conference (in italics), Date posted: day/month, Available e-mail: email address

Guy, (2005) ‘Rowntree poverty report’ [Online], Third year Social Science discussion group, 2 September. Available E-mail:

To cite the entire discussion group

List name (in italics), [Online], Available E-mail: email address

Third year Social Science discussion group, [Online], Available e-mail:

Return to content page

Virtual Learning Environment

Using Tutor’s notes

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of item (single quotation marks), Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date)

Guy (2005) ‘useful quotes for assignment on poverty’, Poverty Nineteenth Century Britain, [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 September 2005)

Citing a journal article found on VLE

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (single quotation marks), Title of Journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).

Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, British History, vol. 2, 23, pp.23-29,

Poverty [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)

Return to content page

Using material from a digitised book stored on Virtual Learning Environment

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (in italics), Place of publication: publisher (if available) page number(s), Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).

Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, Birmingham, Smith Publishing, pp.23-29, Poverty [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)

Using a message from a course discussion board

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of message (in quotation marks), Title of discussion board (in italics), Name of academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).

Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, Third year Social Science discussion group, Poverty [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)

Computer Programmes

Citing a computer programme

Author, Date ( ), Title of programme (in italics), Version ( ), [Form], Availability: (how to get access to programme e.g. distributor, address, order /list number)

Guy (2005) Heart monitoring, (version 2, Java for PC) [Computer programme] Available BIC Software, High Street, Belfast, List number 2434

Return to content page

Reference Materials

Citing the Conference

Author/Editor, Year of publication ( ), Title of conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Place of publication: publisher.

Sudgan, F (2005) Plagiarism, Manchester 23 September 2005, Manchester: Manchester University Press

Citing Conference paper(s)

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of paper (single quotes), Title of conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Place of publication: publisher, Page references for paper

Sudgan, F (2005) ‘Plagiarism in HE’, Plagiarism, Manchester 23 September 2005, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp 24-35

Conference papers published on internet

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of paper (single quotes), Title of conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Publisher, Available at: URL (Accessed: date), Page references for paper

Sudgan, F (2005) ‘Plagiarism in HE’, Plagiarism, Manchester 23 September 2005, Manchester University Press, Available: http://www.manchester-university.ac.uk/plagiarism/plagiarismh.html/ , (Accessed 21 September 2005)

Return to content page

Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias

To cite whole volume

Title (italics), Date ( ), Place of Publication/Publisher

Collins Gem English Dictionary (2000), Glasgow: Omnia Books Ltd

To cite an article from a volume

Author, Date ( ), Title of article (quotes), Name of Volume, Edition, Volume, Page

Smith, J ( 2001), ‘Famine’ Reader’s Digest Encyclopaedia, edn 3, vol A-M, pp. 22-24

Citing one volume from a series

Title (Italics) Volume, Year of publication ( ), Place of publication/publisher

Readers Digest Encyclopaedia, vol 1, (1999), London: Corpus publishers

Illustrations and Tables

Author, Year of publication ( ), Title (italics), Place of publication: publisher, Page reference, illustration/ figure/ table/ map.

·  Illustration can be abbreviated to illus, figure to fig.