Questions on Chapter 14 –the digestive system
I-mention in short
*functions of the digestive system
*accessory digestive organs
* organs of dig. System in sequence
*borders of the oral cavity
*main functions of tongue
*tonsils in oral cavity
*the main layers of the wall of alimentary canal
*parts of the stomach
*sphincters of stomach
*curvatures of the stomach
*names of omentum
*functions of greater omentum
*cells of gastric glands and secreation of each
*divisions of small intestine
*treatment of heart burn
*structures that increase surface area of absorptive surface of small intestine
*divisions of large intestine
*parts of colon
*names of salivery glands
*important contents of saliva
*names of teeth and number of each group
*the three regions of tooth
*main contents of bile
*movements that occur in digestive system
*3monosaccharides and 3 disaccharides
*the results of chemical breakdown of the 3 main dietary groups
*chewing of bread for few minutes leads to sweet taste
*enzymes in pancreatic juice
*functions of the liver
*effects of fever on the body and on pathogens
*defecation reflex
*phases of deglution
II-Define the followings
*metabolism *diarrhea
*constipation *catabolism
*anabolism *BMR
*TMR *pyrogens
III-fill spaces
*GIT begins with ------and ends with------
*in a cadever,the length of alimentary canal is about------
*the cavity cotained by the teeth is called------
*the m. m. fold which secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called------
--.when it is extremely short,it is refferd to as------
*the ------and------are common passageways for food and air
*the outermost layer of the wall of intestine is called------
*when stomach is empty,its mucosa is thrown into large folds called------
*digested food leaves stomach as a heavy cream called------
*chyme enters small intestine through ------sphincter
*smll intestine begins with------and ends with------
*small intestine is suspended from posterior abdominal wall by------
*small intestine joins large intestine at------
*lymphatic capillaries in villi is called------
*------are local collections of lymphatic tissue in submucosa of small int.
*------is the first part of large intestine,it is saclike
*------hangs from the cecum ,it is wormlike
*------is inflammation of vermiform appendix
*------and------and ------are parts of large intestine that lie in the pelvis
*large intestine has two turns called------and------
*------anal sphincter is voluntary while the------muscle is involutery
*goblet cells produce------
*the wall of large intestine is puckered into small pocketlike sacs called------,it is due to contraction of the three bands of longitudinal muscles called------
*mucus in saliva and mastication helps to bind food together into a mass called------
*inflammation of parotid gland is called------
*there are two sets of teeth,the first is called------or------or------,its number is-----teeth,it is completed at------years while the second is called------teeth,its number is------teeth,it begins to appear at------years
*the third molar is called------,it erupts between------and------
*the most common tooth to be impacted is------
*the hardest substance in the body is------,it covers the------the ------of the tooth
*the exposed part of the tooth is called------while that imbedded in the jawbone is called
*the outer surface of the tooth is covered by------which attaches the tooth to the------membrane or ligament
*------a bonelike material underlies the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth.It surrounds a centeral cavity called------which contains------and------
*------is a soft ,pink ,triangular gland,it extends accros the abdomen from------to------
*------is a mixed gland
*endocrine function of pancreas is production of------and------
*------is the largest gland in the body
*------is located under the diaphragm,more to the right side of the body
*the liver is suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by a ligament called------
*bile leaves the liver through the------and enters the------through bile duct
*bile salts ------fats by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones
*------is small,thinwalled green sac in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver
*active voluntary food intake is called------
*------movement moves food back and forth so mixes food with digestive enzymes while------squeezes the food along the tract
*breakdown of large food particles to their building blocks by enzymes is called------
*the building blocks of carbohydrates are------while those of proteins are------but those of fats are------
*------is the major absorptive site
*elimination of indigestible substances via the anus is called------
*chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth by------enzyme
*the two major phases of deglution are------and------
*during deglution,tonge blocks the------while soft palate closes off the------and------covers the opening of larynx
*food in the stomach and low pH stimulate stomach cells to release------hormone which increases production of------juice
*------protects stomach wall from the effects of HCLand protein digesting enzymes
*------is a gastric protein digesting enzyme,while------is another one present in infants which acts primarily on ------
*------is protrusion of the superior part of the stomach above diaphragm
*when duodenum is filled,------reflex inhibits gastric motility and tightens pyloric sphincter
*emetic center is present in------,it is stimulated by local irritants in the ------or by disturbances of the equilibrium apparatus in the ------
*brush border enzymes can break------into simple sugars by enzymes called------
*------is necessary for absorption of fat soluble vitamins,of which------
*to make prothrombin, liver needs vit------
*most substances are absorbed by ------transport except lipids which are absorbed by------process
*the two major propulsive movements in large intestine are------and------
*------is long powerful contraction,3-4 times a day occur in large int.
*when rectum is stretched------reflex is initiated
*defication reflex causes the wall of------to contract and the anal sphincter to------
*the energy value of food is measured by------
*------are the major buildings of cell structures
*------is usually broken down to make ATP
*------is used to build cell membrane and myelin sheeth
*------are carfully conserved by body cells for the future
*------is known as blood sugar
*O2 using by the cell is called------
*in hyperglycemia,glucose is stored as------, a process called------and if still too high ,it is stored as------
*in hypoglycemia,glycogen is broken down to------,a process called------
*if body uses fat for energy production,intermediate products as------and------are found in the blood,the condition is called------or------.the breath odour become------
* if are not formed by body cells, aminoacids are called------they must be taken in diet
*if a. acids are used for energy,the amine groups are removed as------which combine with ------in the ------to form------which is removed by the kidneys
*------is formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
*the most abundant protein in the blood is------,it is formed by the------
And it is responsible for holding fluid in bloodstream by its ------pressure
* %of cholesterol is taken in food while the rest is formed by the ------
*fats cannot circulate freely in blood,they are transported bound to------
*lipoproteins are either------or------
*LDLs are called ------proteins while------are called ------proteins
*high level of LDLs in blood may initiate------
*------is the most important factor in determining BMR
*the body,s thermostat is in------
*heat promoting mechanisms include------and------
*heat loss mechanisms include------and------
*------and------are hormones secreted by small intestine mucosa .they lead to release of------and------
*if vasoconstriction in cold weather is prolonged,it may lead to------
*------is a congenital disease in which huge amount of mucus is produced
*------is the most common congenital anomaly in digestive system
*longitudinal layer in large intestine is reduced to three bands called------
*pancreatic juice is rich in------which neutralizes the acid chime
*diarrhea is------stool while constipation is------
*the most common congenital defect in GIT is------
IV-true or false
*blood clotting problems occur if either bile or pancreatic juice is absent
*alimentary canal is shorter in a living person than in a cadaver
*esophagus is only a passageway to food
*food moves in esophagus by peristalsis
*alimentary canal is surrounded by double layer of serous membrane
*stomach lies on the left side of the abdomen
*most digestive activity of the stomach occur in the pyloric region
*small intestine is the largest section of alimentary canal
*large intestine frames the small intestine on three sides
*nearly all food absorption occurs in small intestine
*no villi are present in large intestine
*in large intestine,there are tremendous number of goblet cells
*enamel is the hardest substance in the body
*dentin forms the bulk of the tooth
*pancreas is retroperitoneal organ
*pancreatic enzymes can breakdown all categories of food
*pancreas is a mixed gland
*pancreatic juice is alkaline
*liver almost completely covers the stomach
*the digestive function of the liver is production of bile
*only bile salts and phospholipids(in bile) aid in digestion
*cells can actively take aminoacids from blood even if their concentration is more inside the cell
*bile does not contain enzymes
*while food digestion is not occurring,bile is stored in gall bladder
*bile is concentrated in gall bladder by removal of water
*when fatty food enters the duodenum,the gall bladder contracts to push bile
*hepatitis is most often due to viral infection
*liver cirrhosis follows prolonged alcohol drinking
*human beings have no cellulase enzyme
*active and to a less extent passive transport is needed for absorption
*pharynx and esophagus have no digestive function
*decrease in mucus secretion in stomach is the main cause of ulcers
*esophagus has little mucus protection
*heart burn may occur if gastric juice backs up into the esophague
*the diaphragm normally reinforces the cardioesophageal sphincter
*hiatal hernia is a common cause of heart burn
*low pH is necessary for activating pepsinogen to pepsin
*absorption starts in the stomach
*it takes 4 hours for the stomach to empty completely
*high fat diet delays stomach empting
*protein and carbohydrate digestion starts before food reaches the dudenum
*intestinal juice is relatively enzyme poor
*bile is necessary for absorption of fat soluble vitamins
*if either bile or pancreatic juice is absent,no fat digestion or absorption occur
*proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed by blood capillaries and lacteals
*fats are absorbed by lacteals only
*the colon produces no digestive enzymes
*resident bacteri in large int. can metabolize some nutrients
*gasses are produced in large int. due to bacterial effects on remaining nutrients
*no absorption occurs in large int.
*in large int.,vit. K and B are absorbed
* in large int.,most of remaining water is reabsorbed
*rectum is generally empty from stool
*constipation may lead to water and electrolyte imbalance
*fats are the major fuel used normally for making ATP
*liver routinely uses fat for making ATP
*fats are the most concentrated source of energy
*ketosis is a common consequence to no carbohydrate diet
*ketosis is a common consequence to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
* ketosis is a common consequence to starvation
*cholesterol is never used as a cellular fuel
*proteins are not built unless all aminoacids are available
*without liver ,we die in 24 hours
*cholesterol is the structural basis for vit D
*cholesterol is the structural basis for steroid hormones
*fatty acids,fats and cholesterol are insoluble in water
*energy cannot be created or destroyed
*energy intake equals energy output
*if external temp. is more than body temp.,heat cannot be lost by radiation
*if the air is humid,evaporation is very slow
*fever is controlled hyperthermia
V-Match table A with table B
tableA tableB
( )amylase 1- protein digestion
( )lipase 2- carbohydrate digestion
( )pepsin 3- fat digestion
( )renin 4- kidney enzyme
( )cellulas 5- intestinal enzyme
( )gasrin 6- not present in humanbeings
( )secretin 7-disaccharidase
( )CCK 8-hormone secreted by stomach
( )rennin 9- hormone secreted by dudenal mucosa
10-hormone contracts gall bladder
11-acts on milk
Table A Table B
( 4 )sucrose 1-two glucose units ( 1 )maltose 2-fruit sugar
( 2 )fructose 3-blood sugar
( 3 )glucose 4-glucose and fructose
( 6 )galactase 5-glucose and galactose
( 5 )lactose 6-disaccharidase
7-digested by trypsin