Electronic supplementary material (ESM): Souza DM, Flynn DFB, DeClerck F, Rosenbaum RK, Melo Lisboa H, Koellner T (2013). Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: proposal of characterization factors based on functional diversity. Int J LCA. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-013-0578-0
Electronic Supplementary Material
Table S1 Species richness (SR) and Functional Diversity diversity (FD) data for mammal studies. The reference situation for each study is denoted in bold (Legend: FD = Functional Diversity; SR = Species Richness; FDN and SRN = Normalized factors for FD and SR, respectively; CFFD and CFSR = Characterization factors for FD and SR, respectively). Table contains the location of each study, the citation, the land use types for which SR data was available and the ecoregion it belongs to
Location / Source / Land use types / Ecoregion / FD / SR / FDN / SRN / CFFD / CFSRBrazil (Para, Kayapo Indigenous Area) / (Lambert et al. 2004) / Forest, secondary (Unlogged1) / Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia Moist Forests (NT0180) / 5.014 / 16 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, secondary (Unlogged2) / 5.034 / 15 / 1.004 / 0.938 / -0.004 / 0.065
Forest, extensive (Logged.AP) / 5.635 / 17 / 1.124 / 1.063 / -0.117 / -0.061
Forest, extensive (Logged.DP) / 5.635 / 18 / 1.124 / 1.125 / -0.117 / -0.118
Bolivia (Guarayos) / (Fredericksen et al. 2000) / Forest, secondary / Chiquitano Dry Forests (NT0212) / 2.293 / 3 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, intensive (desbrozado) / 1.199 / 3 / 0.523 / 1.000 / 0.648 / 0.000
Forest, intensive (quemado) / 2.293 / 4 / 1.000 / 1.333 / 0.000 / -0.288
Forest, intensive (desbrozado/quemado) / 1.199 / 4 / 0.523 / 1.333 / 0.648 / -0.288
Bolivia (Guarayos) / (Fredericksen et al. 2002) / Forest, primary / Chiquitano Dry Forests (NT0212) / 2.949 / 5 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, intensive / 4.219 / 9 / 1.430 / 1.800 / -0.358 / -0.588
Peru (Tambopata Province) / (Naughton-Treves et al. 2003) / Forest, primary / Southwest Amazon Moist Forests (NT0166) / 4.335 / 10 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, arable, fallow (regenerating field) / 3.884 / 8 / 0.896 / 0.800 / 0.110 / 0.223
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated (rice, maize, yucca) / 4.075 / 8 / 0.940 / 0.800 / 0.062 / 0.223
Panama (Six different parks) / (Suzan et al. 2008) / Forest / Several ecoregions / 6.616 / 9 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Field Margins/Hedgerows / 5.821 / 16 / 0.880 / 1.778 / 0.128 / -0.575
Pasture/meadow / 3.170 / 16 / 0.479 / 1.778 / 0.736 / -0.575
Costa Rica (Coto Brus) / (Daily et al. 2003)
/ Forest, primary / Isthmian-Pacific Moist Forests (NT0130) / 8.204 / 25 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, mosaic (forest remnants) / 7.144 / 20 / 0.871 / 0.800 / 0.138 / 0.223
Pasture/meadow (open areas) / 6.942 / 19 / 0.846 / 0.760 / 0.167 / 0.274
Costa Rica (San Pedro) / (Husband et al. 2009)
/ Forest (data from 2006) / Costa Rican Seasonal Moist Forests (NT0119) / 5.132 / 15 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest (data from 2005) / 4.364 / 10 / 0.850 / 0.667 / 0.162 / 0.405
Agriculture, mosaic (shaded coffee) / 4.013 / 8 / 0.782 / 0.533 / 0.246 / 0.629
Agriculture, permanent crop, non-irrigated (sun coffee) / 1.304 / 4 / 0.254 / 0.267 / 1.370 / 1.322
Table S1 (continued)
Mexico ((Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz) / (Estrada et al. 1994)
/ Forest, secondary / Sierra de los Tuxtlas (NT0161) / 11.042 / 38 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, mosaic (cacao) / 4.935 / 16 / 0.602 / 0.421 / 0.508 / 0.865
Agriculture, mosaic (mixed) / 4.274 / 13 / 0.521 / 0.342 / 0.652 / 1.073
Agriculture, mosaic (coffee) / 3.959 / 13 / 0.483 / 0.342 / 0.729 / 1.073
Field Margins/Hedgerows / 3.680 / 11 / 0.449 / 0.289 / 0.802 / 1.240
Agriculture, permanent crop, non-irrigated (citrus) / 3.517 / 8 / 0.429 / 0.211 / 0.847 / 1.558
Agriculture, permanent crop, non-irrigated (allspice) / 2.993 / 7 / 0.271 / 0.184 / 1.305 / 1.692
Pasture/meadow / 2.187 / 4 / 0.267 / 0.105 / 1.322 / 2.251
Mexico (Chiapas) / (Horváth et al. 2001b)
/ Shrubland (ecotone) / Chiapas Montane Forests (NT0113) / 3.572 / 9 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest / 2.627 / 5 / 0.735 / 0.556 / 0.307 / 0.588
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive / 1.485 / 3 / 0.416 / 0.333 / 0.877 / 1.099
United States (Northern California) / (Hilty and Merenlender 2004)
/ Forest, primary / California Interior Chaparral and Woodlands (NA1202) / 2.761 / 9 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, permanent crop, non-irrigated (isolated) / 1.955 / 7 / 0.708 / 0.778 / 0.345 / 0.251
Agriculture, permanent crop, non-irrigated (near natural area) / 2.525 / 6 / 0.915 / 0.667 / 0.089 / 0.405
United States (southern Wyoming) / (Olson and Brewer 2003)
/ Grassland / Western Short Grasslands (NA0815) / 2.478 / 5 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive (winter wheat) / 1.955 / 4 / 0.789 / 0.800 / 0.237 / 0.223
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive (oat) / 1.379 / 3 / 0.556 / 0.600 / 0.586 / 0.511
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive (corn) / 1.208 / 3 / 0.487 / 0.600 / 0.719 / 0.511
Agriculture, arable, fallow / 1.379 / 3 / 0.556 / 0.600 / 0.586 / 0.511
Canada (British Columbia) / (Sullivan and Sullivan 2006)
/ Forest, primary / Okanagan Dry Forests (NA0522) / 2.550 / 5 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Shrubland / 2.736 / 6 / 1.073 / 1.200 / -0.071 / -0.182
Field Margins/Hedgerows / 2.550 / 5 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Pasture/meadow / 2.550 / 5 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, permanent crop, non-irrigated (convent. orchard) / 2.245 / 5 / 0.880 / 1.000 / 0.127 / 0.000
Field Margins/Hedgerows (riparian) / 2.026 / 4 / 0.795 / 0.800 / 0.230 / 0.223
Agriculture, permanent crop, non-irrigated (dwarf orchard) / 2.026 / 4 / 0.795 / 0.800 / 0.230 / 0.223
Table S2 Species richness (SR) and Functional Diversity diversity (FD) data for plant studies. The reference situation for each study is denoted in bold (Legend: FD = Functional Diversity; SR = Species Richness; FDN and SRN = Normalized factors for FD and SR, respectively; CFFD and CFSR = Characterization factors for FD and SR, respectively). Table contains the location of each study, the citation, the land use types for which SR data was available and the ecoregion it belongs to
Costa Rica (Coto Brus) / (Mayfield et al. 2006)
/ Forest, primary, (riverbank in forested area) / Isthmian-Pacific Moist Forests (NT0130) / 15.566 / 83 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Pasture/meadow / 17.096 / 133 / 1.098 / 1.602 / -0.098 / -0.602
Forest, extensive (riverbank in deforested area) / 15.276 / 117 / 0.981 / 1.410 / 0.019 / -0.410
Forest, primary (tree-fall gap in forested area) / 18.310 / 98 / 1.176 / 1.181 / -0.176 / -0.181
Forest, primary, (understory in forested area) / 13.182 / 86 / 0.847 / 1.036 / 0.153 / -0.036
Traffic area, rail/road embankment / 19.510 / 69 / 1.253 / 0.831 / -0.253 / 0.169
Nicaragua, (Matiguas) / (Sanchez Merlos et al. 2005b)
/ Forest (dry forest) / Central American Atlantic Moist Forests (NT0111) / 7.932 / 85 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, secondary / 7.357 / 68 / 0.927 / 0.800 / 0.075 / 0.223
Field Margins/Hedgerows (riparian forest) / 10.254 / 99 / 1.293 / 1.165 / -0.257 / -0.152
Field Margins/Hedgerows (live fence) / 5.310 / 51 / 0.669 / 0.600 / 0.401 / 0.511
Pasture/meadow (pasture with high arboreal cover) / 6.948 / 62 / 0.876 / 0.729 / 0.132 / 0.316
Pasture/meadow (pasture with low arboreal cover) / 5.310 / 51 / 0.668 / 0.471 / 0.403 / 0.754
Nicaragua, (Rivas) / (Sanchez Merlos et al. 2005a)
/ Forest (dry forest) / Central American Dry Forests (NT0209) / 8.512 / 75 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, secondary / 8.813 / 67 / 1.035 / 0.893 / -0.035 / 0.113
Field Margins/Hedgerows (riparian forest) / 9.149 / 88 / 1.075 / 1.173 / -0.072 / -0.160
Field Margins/Hedgerows (live fence) / 4.941 / 34 / 0.580 / 0.453 / 0.544 / 0.791
Pasture/meadow (pasture with high arboreal cover) / 6.591 / 39 / 0.774 / 0.520 / 0.256 / 0.654
Pasture/meadow (pasture with low arboreal cover) / 7.310 / 38 / 0.859 / 0.507 / 0.152 / 0.680
United States (Washington) / (Quinn 2004)
/ Shrubland / Snake-Columbia shrub steppe (NA1309) / 2.824 / 14 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, mosaic / 3.075 / 16 / 1.089 / 1.143 / -0.085 / -0.134
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive / 3.006 / 15 / 1.064 / 1.071 / -0.062 / -0.069
Table S2 (continued)
United States / (Smukler et al. 2010)
/ Forest, primary, data from 2005 / California Central Valley Grasslands (NA0801) / 2.100 / 14 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated / 1.855 / 12 / 0.883 / 0.857 / 0.124 / 0.154
Field margins/Hedgerow / 3.687 / 24 / 1.756 / 1.714 / -0.563 / -0.539
Lakes, artificial / 2.309 / 23 / 1.100 / 1.643 / -0.095 / -0.496
Rivers, artificial / 2.128 / 15 / 1.013 / 1.071 / -0.013 / -0.069
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated / 1.859 / 15 / 0.885 / 1.071 / 0.122 / -0.069
Forest, primary, data from 2006 / 2.579 / 13 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated / 3.129 / 27 / 1.213 / 2.077 / -0.193 / -0.731
Rivers, artificial / 3.596 / 23 / 1.394 / 1.769 / -0.332 / -0.571
Field margins/Hedgerow / 2.228 / 19 / 0.864 / 1.462 / 0.147 / -0.379
Lakes, artificial / 2.047 / 21 / 0.794 / 1.615 / 0.231 / -0.480
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated / 2.225 / 19 / 0.864 / 1.462 / 0.147 / -0.379
Canada (St. Lawrence Region) / (Middleton and Merriam 1983)
/ Forest, extensive (Mark S.Burnham Provincial Park) / Eastern Great Lakes Lowland Forests (NA0407) and Eastern Forest-Boreal Transition (NA0406) / 2.457 / 12 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, secondary (wood remnants in farmlands) / 3.127 / 32 / 1.273 / 2.667 / -0.241 / -0.981
Forest, primary (Gatineau Park) / 1.826 / 21 / 0.743 / 1.750 / 0.297 / -0.560
Forest (Shaw Woods) / 0.691 / 9 / 0.281 / 0.750 / 1.269 / 0.288
Canada (St. Lawrence Region) / (Jobin et al. 1996)
/ Forest, primary (woodland edges) / Eastern Great Lakes Lowland Forests (NA0407) / 3.157 / 53 / 1.047 / 1.359 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest (woodlots) / 3.151 / 50 / 0.998 / 0.943 / 0.002 / 0.058
Field Margins/Hedgerows / 3.018 / 48 / 0.956 / 0.906 / 0.045 / 0.099
Pasture/meadow / 3.016 / 39 / 0.955 / 0.736 / 0.046 / 0.307
Table S3 Species richness (SR) and Functional Diversity diversity (FD) data for bird studies. The reference situation for each study is denoted in bold (Legend: FD = Functional Diversity; SR = Species Richness; FDN and SRN = Normalized factors for FD and SR, respectively; CFFD and CFSR = Characterization factors for FD and SR, respectively). Table contains the location of each study, the citation, the land use types for which SR data was available and the ecoregion it belongs to
Study / Source / Land use types / Ecoregion / FD / SR / FDN / SRN / CFFD / CFSRBrazil (Tapajos-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve) / (Barlow et al. 2002) / Forest primary / Tapajos-Xingu Moist Forests
(NT0168) / 13.494 / 63 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, intensive / 14.786 / 61 / 1.096 / 0.968 / -0.091 / 0.032
Costa Rica (Coto Brus, Las Cruces Forest Reserve) / (Daily et al. 2001) / Forest, primary / Isthmian-Pacific Moist Forests (NT0130) / 12.115 / 45 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, secondary (near forest primary, low intensity) / 10.205 / 49 / 0.842 / 1.089 / 0.172 / -0.085
Forest, secondary (far from forest primary, low intensity) / 10.511 / 34 / 0.868 / 0.756 / 0.142 / 0.280
Forest, secondary (near forest primary, high intensity) / 12.081 / 39 / 0.997 / 0.867 / 0.003 / 0.143
Forest, secondary (far from forest primary, low intensity) / 8.354 / 29 / 0.690 / 0.644 / 0.372 / 0.439
Costa Rica (Talamanca Mountains) / (Gomes et al. 2008) / Forest, primary / Talamancan Montane Forests
(NT0167) / 11.180 / 37 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, mosaic / 11.191 / 37 / 1.001 / 1.000 / -0.001 / 0.000
Pasture/meadow / 10.676 / 35 / 0.955 / 0.946 / 0.046 / 0.056
Mexico (Chiapas) / (Mas et al. 2004) / Forest, primary (Forest, Belen) / Sierra Madre de Chiapas Moist Broadleaf Forests
(NT0162) / 11.451 / 27 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Forest, primary (forest, Irlanda) / 8.400 / 18 / 0.734 / 0.667 / 0.310 / 0.405
Agriculture, mosaic (shaded monoculture) / 10.512 / 40 / 0.918 / 1.481 / 0.085 / -0.393
Agriculture, mosaic (traditional polyculture restoration) / 13.265 / 23 / 1.158 / 0.852 / -0.147 / 0.160
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, extensive / 10.122 / 34 / 0.884 / 1.259 / 0.123 / -0.231
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive (comm polyc. Belen) / 10.282 / 28 / 0.898 / 1.037 / 0.108 / -0.036
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive (comm polyc. Irlanda) / 7.287 / 26 / 0.636 / 0.963 / 0.452 / 0.038
Mexico (Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz), 1997 / (Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1997)
/ Forest, secondary* (forest fragment) / Sierra de los Tuxtlas (NT0161) / 13.205 / 46 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.000 / 0.000
Agriculture, arable, non-irrigated, intensive (non-arboreal crops) / 6.852 / 18 / 0.519 / 0.391 / 0.656 / 0.938
Agriculture, mosaic / 11.278 / 44 / 0.854 / 0.957 / 0.158 / 0.044
Agriculture, permanent crops, non-irrigated / 12.404 / 38 / 0.939 / 0.826 / 0.063 / 0.191
Field Margins/Hedgerows (live fence) / 10.164 / 30 / 0.770 / 0.652 / 0.262 / 0.427
Pasture/meadow / 2.836 / 7 / 0.215 / 0.152 / 1.538 / 1.883
Table S3 (continued)