Biology EOCT Study Guide

Name______

1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functionsin living cells.

a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, includingthe cell membrane, in

maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.

Organelle / Function
Golgi
Ribosome
Nucleus
Lysosome
Chloroplast
Mitochondria

b. How do enzymes function as catalysts?

c. Identify themajor functions of the four major macromolecules.

2. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.

DNA / RNA
# of strands
Monomers
Major function
4 Bases
Location in cell
What is stands for

a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.

b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information.______

c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.

What is meiosis? ______

How does meiosis play a role in reproductive variability? ______

What is crossing over? ______

How many chromosomes do human have in their somatic cells? ______Gametes?____

Define the following:

Diploid: ______

Haploid:______

Heterozygous: ______

Homozygous:______

Pea plants have seeds that are either round or wrinkled. In this cross, what will be

the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? ______

genotypic ratio? ______

If a gene is described as sex-linked, what chromosome is it on? ______

d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of newtraits including

Explain each of the following:

• Alterations during replication.______

• Insertions:______

• Deletions:______

• Substitutions:______

• List some mutagenic factors that can cause the DNA to become altered:______

Describe the following:

e. How does sexual reproduction help a species to survive?

f. How is the knowledge of DNA used in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. Give an example of each.

3. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organismsand the increasing complexity of systems.

a. Classification: What are the eight levels of classification?

______,______,______,______,______, ______,______

Which levels has organisms that are the most related?______

Archaebacteria / Eubacteria / Protista / Fungi / Plant / Animals
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Single or multicellular
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

4. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow ofenergy and matter within their ecosystems.

a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities,ecosystems, and biomes.

*Organization of the Biosphere

b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems.

*Explain the energy pyramid to the right.______

* What do the arrows in the food chain to the right represent? ______

*Where does the algae get its energy? ______

*Give two words that describes the algae? ______

*How does the energy pyramid and the food chain relate to each other? ______

*Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).______

c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems.

*What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? ______

______

______

d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment suchas global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and powerconsumption.

*Explain the graph to the right.______

*Sketch what the graph would look like if there were no limiting factors:

e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to

survive stressfulenvironmental conditions.

*Complete the chart.

Gravitropism / Phototropism / Thigmotrophism
What is causes plants to do
Why this is helpful

5. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory ofevolution.

a. Trace the history of the theory.

* Who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection? ______

* What is natural selection? ______

b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.

*What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each.

1. / 2.

c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory.

*Give five pieces of evidence to support the theory of evolution:______

d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.

*How does natural selection help to change organisms overtime? ______

*When two organisms are not related, but have similar features this is called ______evolution.

* When two organisms evolve together, so that they must have each other to survive, this is called ______.

e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

* Explain why you should always take all of your antibiotics even when you feel better? ______

 Extras:

*Explain this diagram? ______

*What are three ways that seeds are dispersed? ______, ______,______

*How do you think the seed to the right is dispersed? Why?______

*What advancement did gymnosperms make that allowed them to move away from water?______

*What advancements did plants make that allowed them to grow bigger than the mosses? ______

*What advancements did reptiles make that allowed them to move away from water? ______

*Explain why viruses are considered to be nonliving. ______

*What is the correct order of amino acids that would be made from this sequence of DNA: GTACTAGGTTAACTG

mRNA:______

*How do the amino acids get to the ribosome? Amino Acids:______

______

*Matter (cycles, flows) through an ecosystem, while energy (cycles, flows) through it.

*Explain transpiration in plants.______

-Illustrate the process in the box.------>

*Which group of plants produces their seeds in cones? ______

in fruits?______

*Where does cellular respiration take place?______