Appendix 1 - Directionality of Correlated Evolution Between SSS and Pollination Mode, Clonality

Supplementary material – Van DrunenDorken1

Appendix 1 - Directionality of correlated evolution between SSS and pollination mode, clonality and woodiness

To determine the direction of the evolutionary associations between SSS and the three traits, we examined the individual transition rates between discrete character states as recommended by Pagel and Meade (2006; e.g. Arbuckle et al 2013). For each of the traits, we performed additional runs of the dependent model restricting one of the eight estimated transition rates to zero. If restricting the transition rate decreased the fit of the model (i.e. the Running Harmonic Mean of the restricted model was significantly higher than that of the full dependent model), we concluded that the estimated rate was significantly different from zero and contributed to the association between SSS and the trait. Figure A1-1 shows the significant transition rates for the dependent models of each trait averaged over 5000 model iterations.

Inspection of the significant transition rates associated each model indicate patterns of correlated evolution between pairs of discrete traits. For pollination mode, the transition rates q24 and q34 indicate a joint shift towards wind pollination and SSS, while q21 and q31 additionally suggest a tendency for animal pollination to be associated with non- SSS. Transition rates calculated for the clonality model do not indicate clear changes between discrete states. Instead, the data indicate that transitions between SSS and non-SSS were similar in both clonal and non-clonal groups (q24 and q42 are approximately equal, as are q13 and q31), but with a tendency towards transitions towards SSS in clonal species (q34). Lastly, for woodiness we find an overall association between non-SSS and woodiness (q12, q42 > q24), and SSS and herbaceous lineages (q43, q13 > q31).

References

Arbuckle K, Brockhurst M, Speed MP (2013) Does chemical defence increase niche space? A phylogenetic comparative analysis of the Musteloidea.EvolEcol 27:863-881

Pagel M, Meade A (2006) Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete characters by Reversible-Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Am Nat 167:808-825

Fig.A1-1: Significant transition rates (± SE) for the dependent models of evolution between SSS and A) pollination mode, B) clonality, C) woodiness.

Appendix 2 – Complete R code (given in a separate text file)

Supplementary material – Van DrunenDorken1

Appendix 3 –List of the 68 dioecious species used in the comparative analysis. Included are the traits investigated for each species. The final column contains the sources used to obtain the trait information.

Species
(APG Family) / SSS Observed / Pollination Method / Clonal Reproduction / Woody / Source(s)
Amaranthuscannabinus
(Amaranthaceae) / no / abiotic / no / herbaceous / Bram and Quinn 2000
Spinaciaoleracea
(Amaranthaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / herbaceous / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Freeman et al., 1997
Schlerocaryabirrea
(Anacardiaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Gouwakinnou et al., 2012
Anistomeflexuosa
(Apiaceae) / yes / biotic / no / herbaceous / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Museum of New Zealand (2012)
Laretiaacaulis
(Apiaceae) / yes / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Hoffman and Alliende 1984
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Arisaematriphyllum†
(Araceae) / yes / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Lovett-Doust and Caver 1982
Bieraychudek and Eckhar 1988
Aralia nudicaulis
(Araliaceae) / yes / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Barrett and Thomson 1982
Baccharisconcinna
(Asteraceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Marques et al., 2002
Gomes et al., 2004
Dacryodesexcelsa
(Burseraceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Forero-Montana et al., 2010
Simmondsiachinensis
(Buxaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Waser 1984
Niklas and Buchmann 1985
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Honckenyapeploides
(Caryophyllaceae) / yes / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Sanchez-Vilas and Retuerto 2009
Silenelatifolia
(Caryophyllaceae) / no / biotic / no / herbaceous / Lovett-Doust et al., 1987
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Taylor et al., 1999
Atriplexconfertifolia
(Chenopodiaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Sanderson 2011
Species
(APG Family) / SSS Observed / Pollination Method / Clonal Reproduction / Woody / Source(s)
Nyssa aquatica
(Cornaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Shea et al., 1993
Austrocedruschilensis
(Cupressaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Aizen and Rovere 1995
Nunez et al., 2008
Juniperuscommunis subsp. alpina
(Cupressaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Ortiz et al., 2002
J. communis var. depressa / no / abiotic / no / woody / Marion and Houle 1996
Houle and Duchesne 1999
J. virginiana / no / abiotic / no / woody / Vasiliauskas and Aarssen 1992
Dioscorea japonica
(Dioscoreaceae) / no / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Mizuki et al., 2010
Ephedra viridis
(Ephedraceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Hollander et al., 2010
Ceratiolaericoides
(Ericaceae) / no / abiotic / no / woody / Schmidt 2008
Coremaconradii
(Ericaceae) / no / abiotic / no / woody / Rocheleau and Houle 2001
Mercurialisperennis
(Euphorbiaceae) / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Wade et al., 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Cvetkovic and Jovanovic 2007
Uapacakirkiana
(Euphorbiaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Ngulube et al., 1998
Vallisneriaamericana
(Hydrocharitaceae) / yes / abiotic* / yes / herbaceous / Lovett-Doust and LaPorte 1991
Lokker et al., 1994
Ocoteatenera
(Lauraceae) / yes / biotic / no / woody / Wheelwright and Bruneau 1992
Chamaeliriumluteum
(Melanthiaceae) / yes / biotic / no / herbaceous / Meagher 1980
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Guarealuxii
(Meliaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Bawa and Opler 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Trichiliacatigua
(Meliaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Morellato 2004
T. clausseni / no / biotic / no / woody / Morellato 2004
T. pallida / no / biotic / no / woody / Morellato 2004
Species
(APG Family) / SSS Observed / Pollination Method / Clonal Reproduction / Woody / Source(s)
Peumusboldus
(Monimiaceae) / yes / biotic / no / woody / Hoffman and Alliende 1984
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Trophisinvolucrata
(Moraceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Cox 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Compsoneurasprucei
(Myristicaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Bullock 1982
Freeman et al., 1997
Fraxinusmandshurica
(Oleaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Goto et al., 2006
Zhang et al., 2010
Catasetumviridiflavum
(Orchidaceae) / yes / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Murren 2003
Buchloedactyloides
(Poaceae) / no / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Quinn 1991
Distichlisspicata
(Poaceae) / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Eppley et al., 1998
Mercer and Eppley 2010
Rogers and Eppley 2012
Hesperochloakingii
(Poaceae) / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Fox and Harrison 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Poaligularis
(Poaceae) / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Bertiller et al., 2000
Bertiller et a., 2002
Podocarpusnagi
(Podocarpaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Nanami et al., 2005
Rumexacetosa
(Polygonaceae) / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Korpelainen 1991
R. acetosella / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Korpelainen 1991
Triplarisamericana
(Polygonaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Melampy and Howe 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Thalictrumdioicum
(Ranunculaceae) / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Melampy 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
T. fendleri / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Steven and Waller 2007
T. polygamum / yes / abiotic / yes / herbaceous / Melampy 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Rhamnusalaternus
(Rhamnaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Guitan 1995
Species
(APG Family) / SSS Observed / Pollination Method / Clonal Reproduction / Woody / Source(s)
Fragariachiloensis
(Rosaceae) / no / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Hancock and Bringhurst 1980
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Oemleriacerasiformis
(Rosaceae) / no / biotic / yes / woody / Allen and Antos 1993
Rubuschamaemorus
(Rosaceae) / no / biotic / yes / herbaceous / Karst et al., 2008
Brown and McNeil 2009
Randiaspinosa
(Rubiaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Bawa and Opler 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Zanthoxylemsetulosum
(Rutaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Bawa and Opler 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Populusdeltoides var. Wislizenii
(Salicaeae) / no / abiotic / no / woody / Rowland and Johnson 2001
P. nigra / yes / abiotic / yes / woody / Hughes et al., 2000
P. tremuloides / yes / abiotic / yes / woody / Grant and Mitton 1979
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Salix arctica
(Salicaeae) / yes / biotic / yes / woody / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Dawson and Bliss 1993
S. cinerea / no / biotic / yes / woody / Alliende and Harper 1989
Tollsten and Knudsen 1992
S. glauca / yes / mixed / yes / woody / Dudley 2006
S. herbacea / no / abiotic / yes / woody / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Crawford and Belfour 1983
S. lapponun / no / mixed / yes / woody / Totland and Sottocornola 2001
Hughes et al., 2010
S. polaris / no / abiotic / yes / woody / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Crawford and Belfour 1983
S. sachalinensis / no / mixed / yes / woody / Ueno et al., 2007
Osyrisquadripartita
(Santalaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Herrera 1984
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Acer negundo
(Sapindaceae) / yes / abiotic / no / woody / Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Dawson and Ehleringer 1993
Molina et al., 1996
Eurycorymbuscavaleriei
(Sapindaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Gao et al., 2009
Species
(APG Family) / SSS Observed / Pollination Method / Clonal Reproduction / Woody / Source(s)
Siparunagrandiflora
(Siparunaceae) / no / biotic / no / woody / Nicotra 1998
Cecropiaschreberiana
(Urticacaea) / no / abiotic / no / woody / Brokaw 1998
Forero-Montana et al., 2010
Phyllospadixtorreyi
(Zosteraceae) / yes / abiotic* / yes / herbaceous / Williams 1995

* -- aquatic pollination.

† -- sex changing hermaphrodite.

Supplementary material – Van DrunenDorken1

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Supplementary material – Van DrunenDorken1

Appendix 4 – Parameter values and models for fitting fitness via female and male function vs. distance to the nearest mates (i.e. the lines presented in Figure 2)

Female / Male
A / B / C / D / a / b / c
10:1 Pollen-Ovule Ratio
Isotropic
Narrow / 1.080±0.001 / 0.038±0.015 / 15.947±0.023 / 4.408±0.020 / 0.005±0.001 / 0.752±0.015 / -1.987±0.005
Broad / 1.002±0.000 / 0.591±0.014 / 42.781±0.424 / 6.258±0.113 / 0.067±0.003 / 0.644±0.009 / -3.165±0.016
Anisotropic
Narrow / 1.020±0.000 / 0.086±0.001 / 28.215±0.049 / 4.100±0.034 / 0.000 ±0.000 / 0.731±0.079 / -2.243±0.004
Broad* / 0 / 1.000±0.000 / - / - / -0.009±0.013 / 0.598±0.011 / -3.157±0.040
100:1 Pollen-Ovule Ratio
Isotropic
Narrow / 1.008 ± 0.000 / 0.141 ± 0.003 / 35.472 ± 0.051 / 3.273 ± 0.031 / 0.005 ± 0.000 / 0.819 ± 0.010 / -2.069 ± 0.004
Broad* / 0 / 1.000±0.000 / - / - / 0.073 ± 0.002 / 0.612 ± 0.010 / -3.127 ± 0.013
Anisotropic
Narrow† / 1.003 ± 0.000 / 50.220 ± 0.082 / -2.449 ± 0.642 / - / 0.000 ± 0.000 / 0.801 ± 0.011 / -2.257 ± 0.005
Broad* / 0 / 1.000±0.000 / - / - / 0.009 ± 0.008 / 0.579 ± 0.007 / -3.869 ± 0.023

An asymptotic exponential function was fitted to all male fitness curves, while model fitting for female fitness varied based on AIC scores. A four parameter logistic function was fitted to most female fitness curves (exceptions are noted below the table). A list of models and parameter explanations follow the table. Parameter values (± SE) were averaged over 10 simulation runs.