NAME ______

Chapter 13: Changes on the Western Frontier

Focus

  • In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, economic opportunity, industrialization, technological change, and immigration fueled American growth and expansion.

Westward movement

  • Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers intensified in the vast region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.
  • The years immediately before and after the Civil War were the era of the American cowboy, marked by long cattle drives for hundreds of miles over unfenced open land in the West, the only way to get cattle to market.
  • Many Americans had to rebuild their lives after the Civil War. They responded to the incentive of free public land and moved west to take advantage of the Homestead Act of 1862, which gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land.
  • Southerners, including African Americans in particular, moved west to seek new opportunities after the Civil War.
  • New technologies (for example, railroads and the mechanical reaper), opened new lands in the West for settlement and made farming profitable by increasing the efficiency of production and linking resources and markets. By the turn of the century, the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains regions of the American West were no longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but were fast becoming regions of farms, ranches, and towns.
  • The forcible removal of the American Indians from their lands continued throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century as settlers continued to move west following the Civil War.

Question

  1. What four factors influenced American growth and expansion in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century?
  1. Identify three government policies or inventions that aided American expansion.

DBQ’s

____ 1. Which of the following marked the end of the wars between the federal government and the PlainsIndians?

A. the Treaty of Fort Laramie

B. the death of Sitting Bull

C. the Sand Creek Massacre

D. the massacre at Wounded Knee

____ 2. Why did the policy of treating the Great Plains as a huge reservation change?

A. White settlers began wanting the land on the Plains.

B. Native Americans refused to remain on the Plains.

C. Native American populations decreased and needed less land.

D. The Plains failed to meet the needs of Native American peoples.

____ 3. Which of the following events occurred first?

A. the Treaty of Fort Laramie

B. the death of Sitting Bull

C. the Sand Creek Massacre

D. the massacre at Wounded Knee

____ 4. Which of the following was not central to the life and culture of the Plains Indians in the 1800s?

A. the horse

B. the buffalo

C. the extended family

D. land ownership

____ 5. Who were the exodusters?

A. European immigrants who settled on the Great Plains

B. Plains Indians forced onto reservations in the 1800s

C. former slaves from the South who settled on the Great Plains

D. cowboys who worked long drives in the summer and odd jobs in the winter

____ 6. Why did little of the free land offered by the Homestead Act end up being claimed by settlers?

A. The land was too difficult to farm.

B. Few settlers wanted to move West at the time.

C. Most of it was taken by people seeking profits.

D. The government put too many restrictions on its use.

____ 7. Which of the following was most responsible for bringing an end to the era of the wide-open westernfrontier?

A. the railroad

B. barbed wire

C. sheep ranching

D. bonanza farming

____ 8. Why did Plains farmers in the late 1800s tend to support bimetallism?

A. It would put more money in circulation.

B. It would make the nation's money supply safer.

C. It would lower the prices of seed and farm machinery.

D. It would allow them to profit from the mineral rights on their land.

____ 9. Which of the following did not intensify the debts that Plains farmers had during the late 1800s?

A. inflation

B. falling prices

C. a tight money supply

D. a shrinking supply of farm land

____ 10. Which of the following marked the collapse of Populism?

A. the Panic of 1893

B. the founding of the Grange

C. the "Cross of Gold" speech

D. the election of William McKinley

Using the exhibit, choose the letter of the best answer.

____ 11. Which Native American group lived closest to Mexico?

A. Hopi

B. Nez Percé

C. Apache

D. Shoshone

____ 12. Which tribe had reservations near the northern U.S. border?

A. Apache

B. Shoshone

C. Blackfoot

D. Arapaho

____ 13. The Bozeman Trail ran through which town?

A. Sand Creek

B. Fort Laramie

C. Wounded Knee

D. Cheyenne

____ 14. In 1819, Native American lands comprised how much of the continental United States?

A. almost 100%

B. less than 25%

C. none

D. more than 50%

____ 15. Near which feature did a battle occur in 1876?

A. Missouri River

B. Snake River

C. Hopi reservation

D. Bozeman Trail

Using the exhibit, choose the letter of the best answer.

____ 16. Which state gave the Republican candidate (McKinley) the largest number of popular votes?

A. California

B. Illinois

C. Pennsylvania

D. New York

____ 17. Which state gave the Democratic candidate (Bryan) the smallest number of popular votes?

A. Delaware

B. Vermont

C. Ohio

____ 18. How many states cast at least one electoral vote for the Democratic candidate?

A. 17

B. 14

C. 24

D. 21

____ 19. How many total popular votes were cast for both candidates?

A. 13,907,000

B. 6,493,000

C. 7,102

D. 13,907

____ 20. Which states split their electoral votes between the two candidates?

A. California and Kansas

B. California and Kentucky

C. Kansas and Kentucky

D. Kansas and Colorado