BIOS 1710 SI Test Review
1. The figure below shows the response to a drop in blood volume and pressure (box at the bottom). The blood pressure drop triggers the release of renin from the kidney which activates angiotensin. One way angiotensin causes blood pressure to rise is by ___(1)___. It also causes the release of the hormone __(2)___ from the adrenal gland. This in turn causes __(3)__ from the kidney tubules.
a. constricting arterioles / ADH / water retention
b. constricting aretrioles / aldosterone / increased Na+ reabsorption
c. constricting arterioles / aldosterone / increased Na+ excretion
d. dilating arterioles / ADH / water reabsorption
e. dilating arterioles / epinephrine / increased Na+ reabsorption
2. Which of the following is the most efficient way to store energy?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids
3. One advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than ammonia is that
a. it takes less energy for the liver to generate urea
b. urea is less toxic than ammonia.
c. urea is insoluble in water and therefore does not affect osmolarity.
d. urea can be exchanged for Na+.
4. A scientist is trying to compare the energy requirements of an elephant, a person, a mouse, and a cockroach. He is trying to use oxygen consumption as the measurement of comparison. This would not work because she is measuring ______, when she should be using ______.
a. Mass-specific metabolic rate; basal metabolic rate
b. Basal metabolic rate; overall metabolic rate
c. Mass-specific metabolic rate; overall metabolic rate
d. Overall metabolic rate; mass-specific metabolic rate
e. Basal metabolic rate; mass-specific metabolic rate
5. In the experiment from above, once using the correct comparative methods, the scientist should find that which organism has the highest metabolic rate (energy requirement)?
a. Cockroach
b. Mouse
c. Human
d. Elephant
6. Which one of the following is the portion of the forebrain that regulates the endocrine system and body temperature?
a. hypothalamus
b. cerebrum
c. thalamus
d. limbic system
7. How do marine fish counteract their hypertonic environment?
a. They pump out water and pump in ions
b. They pump out ions and drink a lot of water
c. They bring in both water and ions
d. They push out ions and water
8. If the fluid inside of a cell has a 10% solute concentration, what would happen if the cell was placed in a solution with a 5% solute concentration?
a. Water molecules would leave the cell by osmosis.
b. There would be no movement of water molecules in either direction.
c. Water molecules would cross the membrane in both directions, but there would be no net movement of water molecules.
d. Water molecules would enter the cell by osmosis.
9. By which means of sexual reproduction are clones produced?
a. Binary fission
b. Parthenogenesis
c. Fragmentation
d. Budding
e. All of the above
10. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary?
a. The neurons in the hypothalamus release hormones directly into the anterior pituitary; hypothalamic hormones enter the posterior pituitary through the circulation.
b. The anterior pituitary regulates the hypothalamus through negative feedback mechanisms; the posterior pituitary regulates the hypothalamus through positive feedback.
c. The hypothalamus makes direct cellular connections with the posterior pituitary and indirect connections with the anterior pituitary through the circulatory system.
d. The hypothalamus regulates secretions from the posterior pituitary, which then regulates all secretions from the anterior pituitary.
11. During the spring/summer, daphnia parthenogenesis only produces ___ offspring, however, in the fall/winter, ___ are produced. Interestingly, daphnia can also reproduce sexually. This occurs during ____.
a. Females; males; warm weather
b. Males; females; warm weather
c. Females; males; stress
d. Males; females; stress
12. A scientist is searching for chemical compounds involved in embryonic limb development. He discovers a new compound that is transiently expressed in the limb, and only seems to affect cells in its immediate vicinity (up to a few cell lengths away). How should the scientist classify this chemical compound?
a. as a steroid hormone
b. as a peptide hormone
c. as a neurotransmitter
d. as a paracrine factor
13. Based on the typical appetite of herbivores, what type of teeth would comprise most of the jaw structure of these animals?
a. Molars/premolars
b. Canines
c. Incisors
d. A mix of everything
14. Oxytocin and ADH are transported through the bloodstream and arrive at the uterus at the same time. Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, whereas ADH has no effect. Why?
a. Oxytocin is at a higher concentration in the bloodstream than ADH.
b. Oxytocin is able to diffuse through the plasma membrane of uterine cells, whereas ADH cannot.
c. The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for ADH.
d. Oxytocin alters gene expression patterns, whereas ADH does not.
e. Oxytocin blocks the activity of ADH.
15. Choose the correct order for increasing toxicity of the nitrogenous wastes.
a. Ammonia, urea, uric acid
b. Urea, ammonia, uric acid
c. Uric acid, urea, ammonia
d. Uric acid, ammonia, urea
16. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Hormones are transmitted by the bloodstream, whereas autocrine signals are not.
b. Synaptic signaling is more rapid and brief than the other forms of local chemical communication.
c. In order to respond to a paracrine or autocrine signal, a cell must have a receptor for that particular chemical signal.
d. The effects of paracrine signals are more immediate, but longer lasting than the effects of hormones.
e. None of the answer options is false.
17. Indicate the answer in which the small intestinal sections are properly matched to their function.
a. ileum/jejunum – absorption; duodenum – digestion
b. Duodenum – absorption; ileum/jejunum – digestion
c. Ileum/duodenum – digestion; jejunum – absorption
d. Jejunum/duodenum – absorption; jejunum – digestion
18. Which of the following processes occur within Bowman's capsule?
a. filtration and selective reabsorption
b. secretion
c. filtration, selective reabsorption, and secretion
d. selective reabsorption
e. filtration
19. Which of the following is not an advantage of asexual reproduction?
a. It is rapid
b. The genetics are constant
c. There is a lot of diversity within a population
d. Energy can be spent solely on reproduction
20. The blood vessels surrounding the loop of Henle are collectively called the _____ and are arranged in a countercurrent organization to maintain osmotic gradient in the kidney.
a. thick ascending limb
b. collecting duct
c. Loop of Henle
d. vasa recta
e. glomerulus
21. Which of the following is a common characteristic of K-strategists?
a. Little parental investment
b. External fertilization
c. Many offspring
d. Stable environment
22. What is the typical osmolarity of human blood?
a. 500 mosm/L
b. 30 mosm/L
c. 300 mosm/L
d. 100 mosm/L
e. 200 mosm/L
23. What would be the consequence of a non-functional acrosome?
a. Fertilization would not occur
b. Sperm would not divide
c. Sperm would not be motile
d. Eggs would not be able to implant in the uterus
24. Which of the following is not a normal response to increased blood osmolarity in humans?
a. reduced urine production
b. production of more dilute urine
c. increased thirst
d. release of ADH by the pituitary gland
e. increased permeability of the collecting duct to water
25. What would be the consequence of removal of the anterior pituitary gland?
a. GnRH would not be secreted
b. LH and FSH would be secreted at high levels
c. Progesterone and estrogen levels would constantly be elevated
d. Estradiol levels would be dangerously high
26. The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____.
a. additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle
b. absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated
c. differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of
Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient
d. the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification
27. If fertilization levels occur, which hormone would decrease in concentration?
a. hCG
b. FSH
c. Progesterone
d. Estrogen
28. The hormone indicated by the small oval in the figure below is
a. a steroid hormone
b. a hydrophilic hormone
c. a peptide hormone
d. a pancreatic hormone
29. Positive feedback loops
a. move the system further and further away from the set point.
b. are activated by a stimulus.
c. cause a response in the same direction as the initial stimulus.
d. continue until interrupted or broken by an external signal.
e. All of the answer options are correct.
30. How does birth control prevent pregnancy?
a. Keep GnRH, LH, and FSH levels very high using positive feedback
b. Mimic progesterone/estradiol and suppress GnRH/LH/FSH release via negative feedback
c. Increase the production of follicles
d. Force the uterine lining to be shed more regularly
31. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the ascending arm of the
loop of Henle?
a. Its filtrate becomes more and more concentrated
b. It is permeable to water.
c. It actively transports electrolytes.
d. Its filtrate is mainly ammonia.
32. A person has recently been in a bad car accident; one of the injuries they suffered from is a severed midgut. What is most likely to be the consequence of this damage?
a. Poor reabsorption of nutrients
b. Poor digestion
c. Poor reabsorption of water
d. Poor secretion of digestive enzymes
33. Which of the statements is false?
a. Spermatogenia divide throughout the lifetime and oogenia stop dividing before birth.
b. Both eggs and sperm have equally divided cytoplasm.
c. There are two cell cycle arrests over the course of the production of an egg, but none throughout the production of sperm.
d. Only one gametes is produced per oogenia, but four sperm are produced per spermatogenia.
34. Over the course of exercise, the means of ATP production changes. With the onset of exercise, our muscles use ______, but as we continue to exercise, our body uses ______.
a. Anaerobic respiration; aerobic respiration
b. Aerobic respiration; anaerobic respiration
c. Anaerobic respiration; fermentation
d. Fermentation; aerobic respiration
35. It takes very few molecules of a hormone to cause changes in a target cell. This may be explained by the fact that:
a. the mechanism of hormonal action involves memory cells that have had prior contact with the hormone and immediately respond to its presence.
b. the mechanism of hormonal action may involve an enzyme cascade that amplifies the response to a hormone.
c. the mechanism of hormonal action involves the replication of the hormone within the target cell to quickly magnify the hormone's effect.
d. hormones are large molecules that persist for years and can repeatedly stimulate the same cell.
36. The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
a. usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the Bowman's capsule.
b. is very selective as to which subprotein sized molecules are transferred.
c. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus
d. results from active transport.
e. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones.
37. What would happen if there was a mutation in the gene for GLUT-2?
a. Gastrin would not be able to cause the pH of the stomach to decrease because GLUT-2 is the receptor for gastrin.
b. The concentration gradient in the loop of Henle would not be created because GLUT-2 transports ions into the ascending limb.
c. Glucose would not be transported to the blood, so hypoglycemia could occur, because GLUT-2 is a glucose transporter.
d. GABA, a neurotransmitter, would not have an inhibitory effect because GLUT-2 is its receptor in the post-synaptic neuron.
38. In a laboratory experiment with three groups, one group of people drinks pure water, a second group drinks an equal amount of beer, and a third group drinks an equal amount of concentrated salt solution all during the same time period. Their urine production is monitored for several hours. At the end of the measurement period, which group will have produced the greatest volume of urine and which group the least?
a. beer the most, salt solution the least
b. water the most, beer the least
c. There will be no significant difference between these groups.
d. beer the most, water the least
e. salt solution the most, water the least
39. ADH is an example of:
a. A neuroendocrine signal
b. A tropic hormone
c. A neural signal
d. An autocrine signal
40. Earthworms normally live in burrows in soil and maintain moisture on their skin, which serves as a surface for gas exchange. If you dropped an earthworm into the ocean, which of the following would most likely occur?
a. The earthworm would pump in water to compensate for the loss of water in the ocean.
b. The earthworm would be fine because it could breathe through its moist skin.
c. The earthworm would lose too much water to the ocean by osmosis and would shrivel and die.
d. The earthworm would gain too much water by osmosis from the ocean and would burst.
e. The earthworm would pump out excess water across its outer membranes and be fine.
41. You have recently discovered that certain pathogenic bacteria can secrete enzymes that break down gastrin very quickly and that these microbes often inhabit the stomach of grazers. You expect that:
a. Food would be digested poorly because the gastrin cannot break down proteins in the food.
b. Food would not be digested easily because the stomach would not be stimulated to release HCl, so the pH does not decrease, and peptide bonds .
c. Food digestion would proceed as normal because gastrin is not what breaks down good.
d. Because the stomach cells need a low pH in order to survive, they would die and form large holes in the stomach wall.
42. Which of the following compounds do not play a role in blood pressure regulation?