ANATOMY LAB
LECTURE 1 (Introduction, Skeletal System; Pectoral girdle and Upper Limb)
INTRODUCTION (30 mins)
The book for this class is Marieb and Mallatt’s Human Anatomy.
You also need a study guide (about $3) and a dissection kit.
If you want, you can get any anatomy atlas you like.
The purpose of the lab is to give you hands-on experience in anatomy.
In about a month we will be dissecting cats that were strays in the animal shelters, not just for us.
We will start with the upper limb on Wednesday.
Lab is 3 hours a week. Look at the material ahead of time and be familiar with the terms.
You can come back during open lab hours to learn it better.
You will need to study 10-20 hours a week for this class.
The lecture is worth twice as much as lab, but study equally for them.
You only get one grade for both.
In the first 2/3 of the semester there is not much overlap of lecture and lab; there will only be two lectures on muscles, but 4 weeks of it in lab.
The lab is all practicals.
Spelling counts, and so does legibility.
Small errors are ok, but remember, your writing must be able to be read on a patient’s chart.
There will be 90 seconds per station, and three questions on each station.
In the beginning of each lab I’ll be giving a lecture that’s anywhere from 2 minutes to one hour. You should bring a video camera for the dissection demonstrations and for the slides that I’ll be showing on the TV monitor. You should also bring a digital camera to take pictures of the structures, then take them home, print them out, and label them.
You’ll need your lab study guide for the next lab period; it has the list of terms that you’ll need to know. You should be able to identify all structures not only on the cat, but also on the plastic models, bones, pictures and x-rays on the table, and palpate what you can on your body.
Having made it into this anatomy class, you are IN to your allied health profession as long as you keep your grades up.
Don’t buy plastic bones; you’ll need to see the landmarks on real bones.
Don’t buy flashcards; make them yourself by drawing the structure labeled with just A, B, C, etc. On the back, write the name, origin, insertion, function, and anything else you need to know.
Make sure you are on time for all lab exams.
The lecture and lab schedule is on the syllabus.
SAFETY LECTURE
In case of a power outage, this room goes really black. Don’t move. I will walk to the door and open it to let light in.
In case of an earthquake, try to get under your desk, but there’s not much room. Just stay away from the cabinets.
In a medical emergency, if there are no teachers around, go through the teacher door to use the phone, and dial 9 first, then 911.
Preserved specimens have some formaldehyde. It’s not harmful, but it will make your clothes stink. Wear your own gloves.
You will not need your dissection kit until we start the cat dissections. Cost = $12
Bring your textbook and your study guide to all the labs.
Be especially careful of the specimens. Human bones are irreplaceable.
NEVER touch a pen or pencil to a bone. Use a plastic pointer.
PECTORAL GIRDLE: That portion of the skeletal system that attaches the upper limb to the rest of the body (Show the upper limb skeleton).Consists of 2 bones:
1. SCAPULA (shoulder blade).
Show the bone. It fits onto the humerus like this…
It freely moves and has tremendous mobility.
It is the most mobile of the major joints of the body.
Scapula Injuries:
It is the least broken bone of the body. You’d have to get run over by a car to fx.
Place it on a volunteer’s back:
Raise arm slowly. See how bone moves freely?
Shrug shoulder slowly. See how it moves?
2. CLAVICLE (collar bone)
Show the bone. You can palpate it along its entire length.
What does “palpate” mean?
The clavicle is a point of FIRM attachment to the scapula.
Medially, it attaches to the sternum.
Laterally, it attaches to the acromium process (we’ll discuss that more later)
There is not much movement with this bone.
Clavicle Injuries:
It is one of the more frequently broken bones.
When someone falls on their outstretched hand, the force is transmitted up the arm. The
shoulder moves up, but the clavicle doesn’t, so it breaks.
It usually breaks right along this curve (show curve).
It usually breaks outward, in a compound fracture, which is good, because just
underneath it are a lot of delicate arteries and nerves.
Injuries of the shoulder:
When the ligaments tear between the Scapula and the Clavicle, it’s called a SEPARATED SHOULDER, not a dislocated shoulder, which is when the humerus dislocates.
UPPER LIMB
THE ARM: What’s this part of the body called? There is only one bone in the arm.
1. HUMERUS. (Show the bone).
The head attaches to the scapula, and it has a LOT of mobility.
You can really only palpate it at the medial epicondyle of your elbow.
Arm Injuries:
It can break anywhere along its length, but one place is at the surgical neck (show).
In the elderly with osteoporosis, this is a common area to break.
Many nerves run along the length of the humerus, so ANY fx there can damage nerves.
FOREARM (Stress that it is not called arm, and neither is the upper limb).
1. ULNA. (Show bone). It has a STRONG attachment to the humerus.
You can palpate your ulna from elbow to the part of the wrist called the Styloid
Process. What does the word “stylus” mean? (pen point).
2. RADIUS (Show bone). This bone is more movable.
(Hold outstretched forearm and pronate/supinate). That’s the radius that’s moving.
It’s well attached to the wrist, but not as much to the humerus.
Forearm Injuries
1. One common break is from falling on your outstretched hand, and it’s called a “fractured
wrist”, but it’s not really the wrist, it’s the radius, so it’s actually the forearm.
2. Dislocated Elbow: The radius separates from the humerus.
Caused from being pulled on the hand too hard.
Many children get this when their parents pull them one way and they pull another.
It’s is NOT considered child abuse, so it should not be reported as such.
WRIST BONES
CARPALS (You only need to know the names of 2 of them)
1. SCAPHOID (the largest; near the wrist)
2. LUNATE (the one next to it)
Wrist Injuries:
In a fall, the Scaphoid can break in half.
Would you rather have a broken scaphoid, or a broken ulna AND radius?
The ulna and radius have a good blood supply, so they’ll heal in 6 weeks.
A broken scaphoid has poor blood supply, so may take surgery and 6 MONTHS to heal.
HAND BONES
METACARPALS (Show the bones up against your hand). They are numbered 1-5.
Beyond them are the finger bones, called phalanges:
Singular: phalanx
Plural: phalanges
How many fingers are there? (4 and 1 thumb)
Each finger has 3 PHALANGES: proximal, intermediate, and distal.
The thumb has 2 phalanges: proximal and distal.
Hand Injuries:
1. The most common injury to the phalanx is a crush injury (door slam).
2. Jamming injury from volleyball, etc.
STUDY TIPS: Be able to not only name the bone, but tell what happens to cause it to separate, what’s the separation called, and details like that.
LECTURE 2 (Upper Limb II)
Today, we’re going to be looking at the bones, and you will need to use your study guide, pages 7/8.
SCAPULA
Look at the scapula; notice there are a lot of structures with names on it.
Anatomists have no imagination. It’s frowned on to name a structure after oneself.
They name things by what they look like and where it is.
If it sticks out and is sharp and pointy = SPINE
Look at the skeleton vertebral column. Each vertebra has a spine = vertebral spine.
One the scapula, it’s called the SCAPULAR SPINE.
Look at the flat part of the scapula. A flat area is a FOSSA.
On the scapula, there’s an INFRASPINOUS FOSSA and a SUPRASPINOUS FOSSA.
A structure that sticks out is a PROCESS (point out acromium process).
An area that looks gouged out is a NOTCH.
Some bones have BORDERS
HUMERUS
Some bones have a HEAD.
Holes in a bone are called FORAMEN.
Some bones have many small FORAMINA.
Special types of foramina are called NUTRIENT FORAMINA to supply blood and
nerves to the bone. That’s why it hurts so much to break a bone.
Rounded articular surfaces are called a CONDYLE.
What does ARTICULATE mean? To come together or join.
The humerus had two condyles; one for the radius and one for the ulna.
EPICONDYLES are structures that stick out.
Rough areas that stick out are TUBERCLES or TUBEROSITIES.
What’s the purpose of all these rough spots and processes? It’s where muscles attach.
Now that you know what terms mean, you can figure out where things are such as the “medial condyle of the humerus”.
LAB WORK
Look at each bone of the upper limb and find each structure in your study guide. Be able to identify each structure on a loose bone, on yourself, on a partner, and on the skeleton.
Know whether each bone you see is a left or right (except clavicle).
Do not hold a pencil or pen in your hand while you are handling a bone.
There’s a quiz Monday on everything we’ve studied so far in lecture (not lab), as well as what’s in your study guide material p2, 3, 4.
Know the singular/plural forms of everything. Know terms and planes.
LECTURE 3 (Skull)
THE SKULL (p. 11 in Study Guide)
The skull is made up of two major sections:
1. The CRANIUM provides good enclosure for the brain
2. The FACIAL bones
Cranium
CALVARIUM: The part that has been sawed off
The bone in front is the FRONTAL bone
The bones on the sides are the PARIETAL bones
The bone in back is the OCCIPITAL bone
The bones on the sides near the temple is the TEMPORAL bone (means “time” because
the hair at the temple is where time shows itself first)
The bones are fused at their articulations, called SUTURES.
CORONAL SUTURE: in the coronal plane
SAGITTAL SUTURE: in the sagittal plane
(Open the cranium, show lower, then upper surfaces.).
Indentations in here are from blood vessels. Bone is a living tissue
The frontal bone is thick, and so is occipital.
The temporal bone is very thin (see the shadow of my finger behind it?). If someone is
hit here, it could be fatal.
(Missed the rest of the lecture)
QUIZ ONE.
LECTURE 4 (Histology) 15 mins
Go over quiz scores; encourage those who flunked to drop.
Finish looking at the skull and be able to identify all the structures in the study guide.
HISTOLOGY = “tissues”
We will be looking at epithelial tissues today, and connective tissues next week.
Here’s one question you will see on the lab exam: NAME THIS TISSUE.
Each of these slides are sections of an entire organ.
The slices are about 10 µm thick.
They are also stained with various chemicals to highlight certain features.
We don’t care what kinds of stains were used; we’re interested in seeing the structures.
Put slides under microscope to display on TV screen:
Trachea/esophagus
Small intestine
Kidney
Skin (scalp)
Epithelial cells always have two things in common:
1. They form a separating layer
2. Their cells are touching
The dark areas are the nuclei of the cells; the pink areas are connective tissue.
1. Find the lumen, so you know where the apical cells are.
2. How many layers of cells are there?
- One = simple
- Many = stratified
3. What shape are they?
- Flat = squamous
- Cube = cuboidal
- Rectangle = columnar
4. Look at the apical cells:
- No nucleus = keratinized
Trachea/esophagus: has cilium. This is pseudostratisfied epithelium
LECTURE 5 (Histology) 15 mins
Today we’re going to identify some more connective tissue types, and you can spend the rest of the lab finishing the skull and identifying connective tissues.
SLIDE: Skin of scalp
This is Fibrous connective tissue. Find the cells.
What’s the main cell type? FIBROBLASTS.
The dark spots are nuclei.
Not all of the cells are touching, so it’s not epithelium; must be connective tissue.
The pink areas are COLLAGEN fiber bundles.
This is DENSE IRREGULAR connective tissue.
Here is another area on the slide that has large cells that stain clear.
Inside they are filled with fat.
So what type of cells are these? ADIPOSITES.
What kind of tissue is this? ADIPSOSE TISSUE.
SLIDE: Trachea/esophagus
All the cells here are going in a line.
Not all of the cells are touching, so it’s not epithelium; must be connective tissue.
This is DENSE REGULAR connective tissue.
The Extracellular matrix is clear and glassy: this is HYALINE CARTILAGE.
SLIDE: Can anyone guess what tissue this is? BLOOD
The red cells are erythrocytes. The dark spots are LEUKOCYTES.
So what is the clear spaces the cells are sitting in? PLASMA.