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Mechanical Cornhole
Appendix A: Pre/Post-Test & Answer Key
Appendix B: Engineering Design Challenge: Individual Design Plan
Appendix C: Engineering Design Challenge Rubric
Appendix D: Forces Chart
Appendix E: Force Diagram Homework
Appendix F: Student-Generated Station Labs
Appendix G: Engineering Design Challenge: Team Design Plan & Analysis
Appendix H: Persuasive Paper & Checklist
Appendix A: Pre/Post-Test & Answer Key
Name ______
1. Draw a force diagram for the following scenarios including labels for each force:
a. A baseball is struck off of a tee
b. A person does a wall-sit during their exercise routine
2. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the following machines:
a. c.
b. d.
3. What is the weight (on Earth) of an object with a mass of 10 kg?
4. Calculate the work for the following scenarios:
a. After running out of gas, a teenager and her friends push the car toward the exit. They apply a force of 1200 N to push the car 212 m to the nearest fuel station. Determine the work done on the car.
b. A dead lifter (lifting a barbell from the floor to mid-body with outstretched arms) participates in the Olympic Games. Determine the work done by the lifter in deadlifting 450 kg to a height of 0.90 m above the ground.
5. Describe how the functions of machines and determination of mechanical advantage and work are applied in the manufacturing industry or used by scientists and engineers.
Answer Key
1. a. b.
2.
a. 2.6
b. 2
c. 2.3
d. 4
3. 98N
4.
a. 254,400J
b. 3969 J
5. Answers will vary, but should include description of machines as they are used as part of larger mechanical systems in industry. Students should include discussion that machines allow tasks to be completed with less use of energy and force.
Appendix B: Engineering Design Challenge: Individual Design Plan
Name______
Mechanical Cornhole
Engineering Design Challenge
Engineering teams will design, construct, test and redesign a mechanical system including at least three simple machines that will accurately and precisely deposit a bean bag into the hole on a cornhole board.
Constraints:
-The bean bag must travel a distance of one meter or more.
-The bean bag must be dropped into the target one minute or less after time has started.
-A minimum of three simple machines must be used.
-A minimum of two different simple machines must be used. (e.g. a mechanical system may have two levers and a pulley)
-No human interference is permitted once the mechanical system has started.
Draw your individual design below. Label all the forces present in your machine.
Appendix C: Engineering Design Challenge: Rubric
Name ______
Category / 4 / 3 / 2 / 1Participation / Actively participates as a team member 100% of the time. / Actively participates as a team member 75% of the time. / Actively participates as a team member 50% of the time. / Actively participates as a team member less than 50% of the time.
Distance / Design includes travel of bean bag 1.0m or greater in distance. / Design includes travel of bean bag 0.8m or greater in distance. / Design includes travel of bean bag 0.6m or greater in distance. / Design includes travel of bean bag less than 0.6m in distance.
Time / Design completes task in one minute or less 100% of the time. / Design completes task in one minute or less 80% of the time. / Design completes task in one minute or less 60% of the time. / Design completes task in one minute or less under 60% of the time.
Use of Machines / Design utilizes at least three (two are different) simple machines and each is assembled and used correctly / Design utilizes at least three simple machines (may not have two that are different) or one machine is assembled or used incorrectly. / Design utilizes at least two simple machines and each is assembled and used correctly or two machines are assembled or used incorrectly. / Design utilizes only one simple machine or all machines are assembled or used incorrectly.
Accuracy / Design completes task 100% of the time. / Design completes task 80% of the time. / Design completes task 60% of the time. / Design completes task less than 60% of the time.
Work Calculations / All calculations of work (W=F*d) are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units. / More than 75% of the calculations of work (W=F*d) are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units. / More than 50% of the calculations of work (W=F*d) are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units. / Less than 50% of the calculations of work (W=F*d) are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units.
Mechanical Advantage Calculations / All calculations of mechanical advantage are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units; indicates consistent selection of formulas. / More than 75% of the calculations of mechanical advantage are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units; indicates consistent selection of formulas. / More than 50% of the calculations of mechanical advantage are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units; indicates inconsistent selection of formulas. / Less than 50 % of the calculations of mechanical advantage are completed correctly with appropriate labeled units; indicates inconsistent selection of formulas.
Force Diagrams / All force diagrams are completed correctly with appropriate labeled forces; indicates consistent selection of types of forces. / More than 75% force diagrams are completed correctly with appropriate labeled forces; indicates consistent selection of types of forces. / More than 50% force diagrams are completed correctly with appropriate labeled forces; indicates inconsistent selection of types of forces. / Less than 50% force diagrams are completed correctly with appropriate labeled forces; indicates inconsistent selection of types of forces.
Appendix D: Forces Chart
Name ______
Name of Force / Description / Example / DiagramApplied Force
(Fapp) / A push or pull that is applied on an object by another object. / A person kicking a ball is applying a force to the ball. /
Frictional Forces
(Ffrict) / The force exerted by a surface as an object moves past it. Types: rolling, static, sliding, fluid. / After throwing a baseball, air resistance (fluid friction) is occurring opposite the ball’s direction. /
Gravitational Force
(Fgrav)
Fgrav = mass * gravity / The force an object experiences due to gravity; the weight of an object; always directed toward the center of the Earth. / A 10kg mass experiences a force of 98N pulling it down to Earth.
Fgrav = mass * gravity
Fgrav = 10kg * 9.8 m/s2
Fgrav = 98 N /
Normal Force
(Fnorm) / A support force that occurs at a right angle to the contact of two objects. / A glass sits on a table, and the normal force occurs straight up supporting the glass’ weight. /
Spring Force
(Fspring) / A push or pull experienced by an object due to a stretched or compressed spring. / When released, a stretched Slinky will snap back to its original form. /
Tension Force
(Ftens) / A force that occurs when two ends of a wire, rope, cable, etc. are pulled in opposite directions. The force is applied equally to both ends. / In tug of war, opposing teams pull on opposite ends of a rope producing a tension force on the rope. /
Appendix E: Force Diagram Homework Assignment
Name ______
A force diagram (also called a free body diagram) is an image that describes all of the forces that are acting on a given object. It includes the use of vectors (arrows) that describe the magnitude and direction of the forces. The length of a vector arrow For example, the picture below shows a mountain climber on the side of a cliff. We can draw a force diagram to describe this scenario following the steps listed below.
Force Diagram Procedure
1. Identify the object you will use to draw the diagram. (YOU MAY ONLY SELECT ONE OBJECT; if there is more than one object, multiple diagrams are necessary).
In this scenario, we will use the climber as our object.
2. Identify all of the forces that are acting on the object selected.
Gravitational Force (weight)
Tension of rope
Normal force (cliff onto foot)
Frictional Force (cliff onto foot)
3. Use a dot to represent the object (in this case the climber), and draw arrows representing the magnitude and direction of the forces identified in step two. Label each vector (arrow) with the appropriate abbreviation. ALL ARROWS MUST START AT THE OBJECT (dot)! If there are two forces that act in the same direction, they should be placed end to end as seen with the tension and frictional forces in this scenario.
-Force of gravity always points down toward the center of the earth
-Tension force pulls the climber up
-The normal force pushes at a right angle from the point of contact (in this case the foot)
-The frictional force occurs because the foot is pushing downward on the cliff and friction always opposes motion.
Draw a force diagram for each of the following scenarios:
A tug of war game with evenly matched teams. / A skydiver after jumping from a plane.
A baseball player slides into a base. / A water skier skis down a river.
A child pulls a wagon down the sidewalk. / A flying squirrel glides from a tree to the ground at constant velocity.
A football player punts a football to the opposing team. / A mother lifts her baby from a crib.
Appendix F: Student-Generated Station Labs
Name ______
Pulley
A pulley is a simple machine consisting essentially of a wheel with a grooved rim in which a pulled rope or chain can run to change the direction of the pull and thereby lift a load. A pulley is also a wheel turned by or driving a belt.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage
b. Calculate work/power
c. Calculate the weight of the mass in Newtons
2. All data should be compiled into a data table
3. Complete a force diagram for the system.
4. Complete all calculations and questions on the back of this paper.
/Data Table:
/Mechanical Advantage = ______
Work = ______
Weight = ______
Discussion Questions
Is there any relationship between the mechanical advantage and the number of ropes holding up the mass? Why or why not?
You are asked to design a compound pulley that has a mechanical advantage of 20. How many support ropes do you need? How many moveable pulleys?
Name ______
Inclined Plane
An inclined plane is a simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies. The force required to move an object up the incline is less than the weight being raised, discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches the actual weight. The principle of the inclined plane is used widely—for example, in screws and bolts, where a small force acting along a slope can produce a much larger force.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage
b. Calculate work/power
c. Calculate the weight of the mass in Newtons
2. All data should be compiled into a data table
3. Complete a force diagram for the system.
4. Complete all calculations and questions on the back of this paper.
//
Data Table:
/Mechanical Advantage = ______
Work = ______
Weight = ______
Discussion Questions
Which force is the input force? Which force is the output force?
For inclined planes, as the inclined plane becomes steeper, what happens to the mechanical advantage?
You are tasked with making an inclined plane that has a mechanical advantage value over 100. What would this incline plane look like?
Name ______
Wheel and Axle
A simple machine consisting of an axle to which a wheel is fastened so that torque applied to the wheel winds a rope or chain onto the axle, yielding a mechanical advantage equal to the ratio of the diameter of the wheel to that of the axle.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage
b. Calculate work/power
c. Calculate the weight of the mass in Newtons
2. All data should be compiled into a data table
3. Complete a force diagram for the system.
4. Complete all calculations and questions on the back of this paper.
Data Table:
Mechanical Advantage = ______
Work = ______
Weight = ______
Discussion Questions
Which force is the input force? Which force is the output force?
Which spool gave you the largest mechanical advantage? Why do you think this is the case?
If I decrease the size of the spool, what happens to the mechanical advantage? If I made the wheel smaller in diameter than the axel, how would the mechanical advantage change?
Name ______
Levers
A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoted on a fixed point and used to transmit force, as in raising or moving a weight at one end by pushing down on the other.
1. Create a system for the simple machine that will allow you to collect the data needed to:
a. Calculate mechanical advantage