How to Write Citations and Bibliographies in APA Style (2010)

How to Write Citations and Bibliographies in APA Style (2010)

Citations

APA Style uses brief citations within the text of a paper immediately after a quote, a reference to a source, or a paraphrase. The brief citation gives the author, year, and page number of the source you are referring to in brackets, allowing readers to locate the full citation in your Bibliography at the end of your paper.

Citations are used in place of source cards!

*You must use a citation ANY time you borrow information (dates, statistics, a sentence you did not write, ANY information that is not yours.)

* Citations are used when you take information directly from a source, but also when you paraphrase (borrow the information and put it in your own words)

Examples:

Text from an essay written by Frederic Wertham in 2010:

The amount and matter-of-factness of violence on TV is easily documented. A repeated promotional blurb for Cheyenne (a Western series no worse and no better than others) illustrates its monotonous insistence. Within a few seconds two men are slugging it out and two men shooting it out, with one of them apparently killed.

One television station showed in one week, mostly in children’s viewing time, 334 completed or attempted killings….

Your citation:

One of the most important reasons children should not watch television unsupervised is the amount of violence in TV shows. In one week, one station reported over 334 completed or attempted killings. (Wertham, 2010)

Another Example:
Early onset results in a 33% more persistent and severe course of action. (Kessler, p. 69, 2003).

No author?

Use the first few words of the title instead. Within brackets, use quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page; Italicize the name of a journal, newspaper, magazine, or book.

Examples:
("Study Finds", p. 11, 2007)
(College Bound Seniors, pp. 42-43, 2008)

No page numbers? Many online sources do not have page numbers. Use a paragraph number, or cite the heading and the number of paragraphs following it.

Examples:
(Basil & Jones, para. 4, 2007)
(Verbunt, Pernot, & Smeets, , para. 1, 2008)

Reference List (Bibliography)

The reference page is the LAST page of your paper. It is where you show all the sources (books/internet/newspaper/powerpoints/etc) that you used to complete your essay.

Reference Pages ALWAYS go in Alphabetical Order. The author’s last name first, followed by all the other information seen below.

Reference list should be double-spaced.

Capitalization: In your Reference list, capitalize all words in a journal title. For any title that is not a journal (i.e. book, article, or Web page) capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper nouns.

ARTICLES

Journal Article (print):
For articles with up to and including 7 authors*, include the names of all authors.

Author, A. A., and Author, B.B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages.

Kozma, A., and Stones, M.J. (1983). Re-validation of the Memorial University of Newfoundland scale of happiness.
Canadian Journal on Aging, 2(1), 27-29.

*For information on citing multiple authors in the text of your paper, see p. 175-177 of the APA Manual.

Journal Article (online):
Provide the doi number (Digital Object Identifier).

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. doi: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Fuller, D. (2002). Critical friendships: Reading women's writing communities in Newfoundland. Women's Studies
International Forum, 25(2), 247-260. doi: 10.1016/S0277-5395(02)00234-0

Newspaper Article (print):
Unlike journal articles, when referencing a newspaper article, p. (single page) or pp. (multiple pages) precedes the page numbers.

Author, A. A. (Year, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, page number(s).

Sullivan, D.D. (2000, November 15). Teens say they're battling depression, peer pressure. The telegram, p. 17.

Newspaper Article (online):

Author, A. A. (Year, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, page number(s). Retrieved from
http://newspaper homepage address

Hurley, C. (2009, October 24). Suzuki encourages Newfoundlanders to join the world in demonstration on climate
change. The western star, p. 4. Retrieved from http://www.thewesternstar.com/

BOOKS

The format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.

Example: Grenfell, W. T. (1919). A Labrador doctor: The autobiography of Wilfred Thomason Grenfell. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

WEBSITES

*if no publication date is available, use (n.d.) for "no date". If no author is available, begin Reference list entry with the the title.

Entire Website
Author, A.A. (Date). Title of web site. Retrieved from http://homepage address

McLean, B. (2006). Child and adolescent psychology services: Learning disability & ADHD assessment for children and adults. Retrieved from http://www.newfoundland psychology.com/. Retrieved on February 28th, 2010).

That final Retrieval Date is the DAY YOU found the information…sometimes websites change their information. Unlike a book, the author or moderator can update daily, causing you to lose valuable resources if you do not know the date you found the sources you’re using.